scholarly journals Suppression of Thyroarytenoid Muscle Responses during Repeated Air Pressure Stimulation of the Laryngeal Mucosa in Awake Humans

2005 ◽  
Vol 114 (4) ◽  
pp. 264-270 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pamela Reed Kearney ◽  
Eric A. Mann ◽  
Christopher J. Poletto ◽  
Christy L. Ludlow
Keyword(s):  
Air Pressure ◽  
Repeated Presentation ◽  
Repeated Stimulation ◽  
Laryngeal Mucosa ◽  
Posterior Cricoarytenoid Muscle ◽  
Interstimulus Intervals ◽  
Posterior Cricoarytenoid ◽  
Muscle Responses ◽  
Thyroarytenoid Muscle ◽  
Stimulation Of

Repeated stimulation of the laryngeal mucosa occurs during speech. Single stimuli, however, can elicit the laryngeal adductor response (LAR). Our hypothesis was that the LAR to repeated rapid air pressure stimuli is centrally suppressed in humans. Hookedwire electrodes were inserted into the thyroarytenoid and cricothyroid muscles on both sides and into the posterior cricoarytenoid muscle on one side. Pairs of air puff stimuli were presented to the mucosa over the arytenoids at pressure levels three times threshold with interstimulus intervals from 250 to 5,000 ms. Bilateral thyroarytenoid responses occurred at around 150 ms to more than 70% of the initial stimuli. With repeated presentation at intervals of 2 seconds or less, the percent occurrence decreased to less than 40% and response amplitudes were reduced by 50%. Central suppression of adductor responses to repeated air puff stimuli may allow speakers to produce voice without eliciting reflexive spasms that could disrupt speech.

Thyroarytenoid Muscle Responses to Air Pressure Stimulation of the Laryngeal Mucosa in Humans

2003 ◽  
Vol 112 (10) ◽  
pp. 834-840 ◽  
Author(s):  
Priyanka Bhabu ◽  
Christopher Poletto ◽  
Steven Bielamowicz ◽  
Eric Mann ◽  
Christy L. Ludlow
Keyword(s):  
Superior Laryngeal Nerve ◽  
Air Pressure ◽  
Button Press ◽  
Equal Frequency ◽  
Laryngeal Mucosa ◽  
Laryngeal Sensation ◽  
Laryngeal Adductor Reflex ◽  
Muscle Responses ◽  
Thyroarytenoid Muscle ◽  
Stimulation Of

Others have observed glottic adduction in response to air puff stimuli and suggested that this is a reliable indicator of laryngeal sensation. We undertook to determine whether the same thresholds are found if one uses either thyroarytenoid (TA) muscle responses or subjects' reports of laryngeal sensation. We also studied the characteristics of TA responses to unilateral air pressure stimulation of the mucosa overlying the arytenoid cartilages. Ten normal volunteers provided button press responses to air pressure stimuli during bilateral TA electromyography. Similar thresholds were determined by reports of sensation as by electromyographic responses (p < .0005). The early TA responses occurred either around 80 ms or around 125 ms after onset of the air puff, with equal frequency on the ipsilateral and contralateral sides. The TA muscle responses to air pressure stimulation differ in physiological characteristics from the laryngeal adductor reflex that occurs in response to electrical stimulation of the superior laryngeal nerve.

Overcoming Laryngospasm by Electrical Stimulation of the Posterior Cricoarytenoid Muscle

1989 ◽  
Vol 100 (2) ◽  
pp. 110-118 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan E. Aviv ◽  
Ira Sanders ◽  
David Silva ◽  
Warren M. Kraus ◽  
Bei-Lian Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Electromyographic Activity ◽  
Vocal Cords ◽  
Adductor Muscles ◽  
Laryngeal Mucosa ◽  
Posterior Cricoarytenoid Muscle ◽  
Objective Model ◽  
Posterior Cricoarytenoid ◽  
Electrical Manipulation ◽  
Stimulation Of

The intent of this study was to demonstrate that the technique of transmucosal electrical stimulation of laryngeal muscles may be of clinical use in airway management. Specifically, its ability to overcome laryngospasm was evaluated. Laryngospasm was induced in eight tracheotomized dogs by hyperventilating each dog, and then applying 0.1 M ammonia to the laryngeal mucosa while administering continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP). Laryngospasm was defined by steady apposition of the vocal cords, massive electromyographic activity in the laryngeal adductor muscles, absence of such activity in the posterior cricoarytenoid muscle (PCA), and intraglottic pressure greater than 80 mm Hg. Upon transmucosal application of 10 mAmp current to the PCA bilaterally, the vocal cords abducted for the duration of the stimulus. We theorize that overcoming laryngospasm by electrostimulation involves a reflexive inhibition of the laryngeal adductors. This study provides an objective model for laryngospasm, and demonstrates that electrical manipulation of the vocal cords may have clinical relevance.

Reinnervation of the Canine Posterior Cricoarytenoid Muscle with Sympathetic Preganglionic Neurons

1990 ◽  
Vol 99 (3) ◽  
pp. 167-174 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian N. Jacobs ◽  
Bei-Lian Wu ◽  
Ira Sanders ◽  
Hugh F. Biller
Keyword(s):  
Vocal Cord Paralysis ◽  
Fiber Type ◽  
Electromyographic Activity ◽  
Glycogen Depletion ◽  
Bilateral Vocal Cord Paralysis ◽  
Preganglionic Neurons ◽  
Posterior Cricoarytenoid Muscle ◽  
Posterior Cricoarytenoid ◽  
The Right ◽  
Stimulation Of

This experiment investigated the reinnervation of the canine posterior cricoarytenoid (PCA) muscle with preganglionic neurons of the sympathetic nervous system. Six dogs had their right recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) sectioned. Four of these dogs had the sympathetic cervical trunk (SCT) implanted into the right PCA muscle, and the two remaining dogs served as denervated controls. Four months later all dogs underwent videolaryngoscopy, electromyography, and electrical stimulation of the SCT. The PCA muscles were excised, sectioned, and stained for glycogen and ATPase. All four experimental PCA muscles demonstrated electrically evoked abduction and tonic electromyographic activity. In two of the specimens, staining (ATPase and PAS) revealed areas of reinnervation with fiber type grouping and glycogen depletion. These results are consistent with the successful reinnervation of the PCA muscle. Further refinement of this technique could be of benefit to patients with bilateral vocal cord paralysis.

Electrical Pacing of the Paralyzed Human Larynx

1996 ◽  
Vol 105 (9) ◽  
pp. 689-693 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cheryl L. Rainey ◽  
Garrett D. Herzon ◽  
David L. Zealear ◽  
James L. Netterville ◽  
Robert H. Ossoff
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Vocal Fold ◽  
Abductor Muscle ◽  
Spontaneous Movement ◽  
Normal Side ◽  
Posterior Cricoarytenoid Muscle ◽  
Human Larynx ◽  
Posterior Cricoarytenoid ◽  
Electrical Pacing ◽  
Stimulation Of

This study represents the first attempt to electrically pace the paralyzed human larynx. The goal was to determine if electrical stimulation of the posterior cricoarytenoid muscle could produce functional abduction of the vocal fold in pace with inspiration. An external apparatus was used to sense inspiration and reanimate the unilaterally paralyzed larynx of a thyroplasty patient. Stimuli were delivered through a needle electrode to locate and pace the abductor muscle. The magnitude of electrically induced abduction was comparable to spontaneous movement on the normal side. The abduction was appropriately timed with inspiration; this finding demonstrated that this simple pacing system could effectively modulate stimulation with patient respiration.

Timing of Glottic Closure during Swallowing: A Combined Electromyographic and Endoscopic Analysis

2005 ◽  
Vol 114 (6) ◽  
pp. 478-487 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas J. Van Daele ◽  
Timothy M. McCulloch ◽  
Phyllis M. Palmer ◽  
Susan E. Langmore
Keyword(s):  
Human Subjects ◽  
Case Series ◽  
Video Frame ◽  
Electromyographic Activity ◽  
Healthy Human ◽  
Glottic Closure ◽  
Posterior Cricoarytenoid Muscle ◽  
Multiple Trials ◽  
Posterior Cricoarytenoid ◽  
Thyroarytenoid Muscle

Objectives: We performed a case series to enhance our understanding of the coupling between neuromuscular events and glottic closure. Methods: We performed combined flexible video laryngoscopy and electromyography in 4 healthy human subjects. Hooked-wire electrodes were placed in the superior pharyngeal constrictor, longitudinal pharyngeal, cricopharyngeus, thyroarytenoid, genioglossus, suprahyoid, and posterior cricoarytenoid muscles. A flexible endoscope tip was positioned in the oropharyngeal-hypopharyngeal region. The subjects performed multiple trials each of 10-mL normal and super-supraglottic liquid swallows. Results: Arytenoid movement consistently preceded full glottic closure and was associated with cessation of activity of the posterior cricoarytenoid muscle. In 89% of normal swallows, the glottis was partially open in the video frame before bolus passage. The maximum amount of thyroarytenoid electromyographic activity occurred during endoscopic white-out. When subjects executed a super-supraglottic swallow, early thyroarytenoid activity coincided with arytenoid contact. Conclusions: The initial medialization of the arytenoids is due to a decrease in motor tone of the posterior cricoarytenoid muscle. Full glottic closure typically occurs late in the process of swallowing, with activation of the thyroarytenoid muscle. Shifting of arytenoid medialization and glottic closure earlier in the super-supraglottic swallow indicates that glottic closure is under significant voluntary control.

Effects of HCl-pepsin laryngeal instillations on upper airway patency-maintaining mechanisms

1998 ◽  
Vol 84 (4) ◽  
pp. 1299-1304 ◽  
Author(s):  
Franca B. Sant’Ambrogio ◽  
Giuseppe Sant’Ambrogio ◽  
Kyungsoon Chung
Keyword(s):  
Gastroesophageal Reflux ◽  
Negative Pressure ◽  
Sensory Feedback ◽  
Upper Airway ◽  
Esophageal Pressure ◽  
Airway Patency ◽  
Laryngeal Mucosa ◽  
Posterior Cricoarytenoid Muscle ◽  
Anesthetized Dogs ◽  
Posterior Cricoarytenoid

Gastroesophageal reflux has been indicated as an etiopathological factor in disorders of the upper airway. Upper airway collapsing pressure stimulates pressure-responsive laryngeal receptors that reflexly increase the activity of upper airway abductor muscles. We studied, in anesthetized dogs, the effects of repeated laryngeal instillations of HCl-pepsin (HCl-P; pH = 2) on the response of laryngeal afferent endings and the posterior cricoarytenoid muscle (PCA) to negative pressure. The effect of negative pressure on receptor discharge or PCA activity was evaluated by comparing their response to upper airway (UAO) and tracheal occlusions (TO). It is only during UAO, but not during TO, that the larynx is subjected to negative transmural pressure. HCl-P instillation decreased the rate of discharge during UAO of the 10 laryngeal receptors studied from 56.4 ± 10.9 (SE) to 38.2 ± 9.2 impulses/s ( P < 0.05). With UAO, the peak PCA moving time average, normalized by dividing it by the peak values of esophageal pressure, decreased after six HCl-P trials from 4.29 ± 0.31 to 2.23 ± 0.18 ( n = 6; P < 0.05). The responses to TO of either receptors or PCA remained unaltered. We conclude that exposure of the laryngeal mucosa to HCl-P solutions, as it may occur with gastroesophageal reflux, impairs the patency-maintaining mechanisms provided by laryngeal sensory feedback. Inflammatory and necrotic alterations of the laryngeal mucosa are likely responsible for these effects.

Function of the Posterior Cricoarytenoid Muscle in Phonation: In vivo Laryngeal Model

1993 ◽  
Vol 109 (6) ◽  
pp. 1043-1051 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hong-Shik Choi ◽  
Gerald S. Berke ◽  
Ming Ye ◽  
Jody Kreiman
Keyword(s):  
Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve ◽  
Fundamental Frequency ◽  
Nerve Stimulation ◽  
Sound Intensity ◽  
Vocal Folds ◽  
Laryngeal Nerve ◽  
Posterior Cricoarytenoid Muscle ◽  
Posterior Cricoarytenoid ◽  
Stimulation Of

The function of the posterior cricoarytenoid (PCA) muscle in phonation has not been well documented. To date, several electromyographic studies have suggested that the PCA muscle is not simply an abductor of the vocal folds, but also functions in phonation. This study used an in vivo canine laryngeal model to study the function of the PCA muscle. Subglottic pressure and electroglottographic, photogiottographic, and acoustic waveforms were gathered from five adult mongrel dogs under varying conditions of nerve stimulation. Subglottic pressure, fundamental frequency, sound intensity, and vocal efficiency decreased with increasing stimulation of the posterior branch of the recurrent laryngeal nerve. These results suggest that the PCA muscle not only acts to brace the larynx against the anterior pull of the adductor and cricothyroid muscles, but also functions inhibitorily in phonation by controlling the phonatory glottal width.

Physiologic Stages of Vocal Reaction Time

1984 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 173-178 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Shipp ◽  
Krzysztof Izdebski ◽  
Philip Morrissey
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Pressure Rise ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Air Pressure ◽  
Central Processing ◽  
Posterior Cricoarytenoid Muscle ◽  
Posterior Cricoarytenoid ◽  
Intrinsic Laryngeal Muscles ◽  
Male Subjects ◽  
Vocal Reaction Time

A simple vocal reaction time (RT) task was performed by 10 male subjects while measures from intrinsic laryngeal muscles and subglottal air pressure were obtained simultaneously. Based only on each subject's fastest time among 15 trials, RT values were similar to the latencies previously observed in normal subjects. The mean of the subjects' fastest trials was 185 ms (range: 160–250ms). Shortest latency values obtained for each measure were interarytenoid muscle, 50 ms; thyroarytenoid muscle, 60 ms; posterior cricoarytenoid muscle, 80 ms; subglottal air pressure rise, 125 ms. From these data estimates were made of 115 ms for the shortest respiratory system latency and 25 ms for the minimal central processing time. These data suggest that fastest vocal RTs are determined principally by the temporal constraints involved in activating pulmonary rather than laryngeal structures.

Picrotoxin prevents habituation of the gill withdrawal reflex in Aplysia

1978 ◽  
Vol 56 (6) ◽  
pp. 1079-1082 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ken Lukowiak
Keyword(s):  
Tactile Stimulation ◽  
Aminobutyric Acid ◽  
Adaptive Behaviour ◽  
Repeated Presentation ◽  
Reflex Amplitude ◽  
Repeated Stimulation ◽  
Withdrawal Reflex ◽  
Reflex Latency ◽  
Cns Control ◽  
Stimulation Of

The gill withdrawal reflex evoked by tactile stimulation of the siphon in Aplysia habituates with repeated presentation of the stimulus. This adaptive behaviour is mediated by the integrated activity of the central (CNS) and peripheral (PNS) nervous systems. The PNS mediates the basic reflex and its habituation while the CNS exerts both suppressive and facilitatory control over the PNS. This results in greater adaptability of the reflex behaviours. In young Aplysia the CNS control is absent and this is due to the incomplete development of pathways in the CNS. In an attempt to identify the pathway an attempt was made to manipulate the CNS's suppressive influence by agents which antagonize putative neurotransmitters. The application of picrotoxin-containing seawater over the CNS removed the CNS's suppressive influence but not its facilitatory influence. Thus the reflex amplitude was increased, the reflex latency decreased, and repeated stimulation did not result in habituation. This effect of picrotoxin was completely reversible. It is thus proposed that γ-aminobutyric acid, a putative neurotransmitter, plays an important rote in the mediation of the CNS's suppressive influence.

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