Temporal Bone Histopathology Associated with Occlusion of Vertebrobasilar Arteries

1983 ◽  
Vol 92 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harold F. Schuknecht ◽  
Ken Kitamura ◽  
Michel Berreby
Keyword(s):  
Inner Ear ◽  
Temporal Bone ◽  
Degenerative Change ◽  
Animal Experiments ◽  
Organ Of Corti ◽  
Histological Findings ◽  
Membranous Labyrinth ◽  
Sensory Epithelia ◽  
Basilar Arteries ◽  
The Right

We have presented the histological findings in the inner ear of a patient who experienced occlusion of the vertebral and basilar arteries 17 days before death. A large infarction was observed in the medulla and pons on the right side. There was severe degenerative change in the right membranous labyrinth as well as in the right cochlear and vestibular nerves, which was presumably caused by ischemia from occlusion of the right labyrinthine artery. The organ of Corti and sensory epithelia of the vestibular labyrinth showed the most advanced state of degeneration. The histopathological appearance was similar to that observed in the subacute stage following obstruction of the labyrinthine arteries in animal experiments.

Temporal Bone Findings in Hemifacial Microsomia

1978 ◽  
Vol 87 (3) ◽  
pp. 399-403 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. K. Chandra Sekhar ◽  
Nobuhtro Toktta ◽  
S. Alexic ◽  
M. Sachs ◽  
John F. Daly
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Bone ◽  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Spiral Ganglion ◽  
Organ Of Corti ◽  
Petrous Bone ◽  
Nerve Fibers ◽  
Structural Abnormality ◽  
Hemifacial Microsomia ◽  
Partial Deficiency ◽  
The Right

— The temporal bone findings in a case of hemifacial microsomia are described with photographs. The right facial hypoplasia was associated with anophthalmia and microtia on the same side. The right petrous bone was hypoplastic and showed total superior dehiscence of the internal acoustic meatus. The otic capsule was deformed with an underdeveloped cochlear modiolus grossly deficient in spiral ganglion population. The spiralling cochlear shell showed partial deficiency of the interscalar septum between the middle and apical coils. The cochlear duct was shorter than that on the normal side; the organ of Corti however was normal. The vestibular system did not show any structural abnormality except for the degeneration and reduction of the Scarpa's ganglion cells and nerve fibers. An additional interesting fact was that the facial nerve was totally absent in the temporal bone except for its nervus intermedius component.

scholarly journals Aquaporin-6 Expression in the Cochlear Sensory Epithelium Is Downregulated by Salicylates

2010 ◽  
Vol 2010 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paola Perin ◽  
Simona Tritto ◽  
Laura Botta ◽  
Jacopo Maria Fontana ◽  
Giulia Gastaldi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Inner Ear ◽  
Expression Pattern ◽  
Hair Cells ◽  
Organ Of Corti ◽  
Sensory Epithelium ◽  
Outer Hair Cells ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Supporting Cells ◽  
Sensory Epithelia ◽  
Mechanical Compliance

We characterize the expression pattern of aquaporin-6 in the mouse inner ear by RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry. Our data show that in the inner ear aquaporin-6 is expressed, in both vestibular and acoustic sensory epithelia, by the supporting cells directly contacting hair cells. In particular, in the Organ of Corti, expression was strongest in Deiters' cells, which provide both a mechanical link between outer hair cells (OHCs) and the Organ of Corti, and an entry point for ion recycle pathways. Since aquaporin-6 is permeable to both water and anions, these results suggest its possible involvement in regulating OHC motility, directly through modulation of water and chloride flow or by changing mechanical compliance in Deiters' cells. In further support of this role, treating mice with salicylates, which impair OHC electromotility, dramatically reduced aquaporin-6 expression in the inner ear epithelia but not in control tissues, suggesting a role for this protein in modulating OHCs' responses.

The ear

2021 ◽  
pp. 497-518
Author(s):  
Daniel R. van Gijn ◽  
Jonathan Dunne
Keyword(s):  
Inner Ear ◽  
Temporal Bone ◽  
Middle Ear ◽  
Semicircular Canals ◽  
Lateral Wall ◽  
Oval Window ◽  
External Ear ◽  
Membranous Labyrinth ◽  
Stapes Footplate ◽  
Petrous Temporal Bone

The delicate yet definitive deflections of the pinna (wing/fin) of the external ear contribute to the collection of sound. The external acoustic meatus is responsible for the transmission of sounds to the tympanic membrane, which in turn separates the external ear from the middle ear. The middle ear is an air filled (from the nasopharynx via the eustachian tube), mucous membrane lined space in the petrous temporal bone. It is separated from the inner ear by the medial wall of the tympanic cavity – bridged by the trio of ossicles. The inner ear refers to the bony and membranous labyrinth and their respective contents. The osseus labyrinth lies within the petrous temporal bone. It consists of the cochlea anteriorly, semicircular canals posterosuperiorly and intervening vestibule – the entrance hall to the inner ear whose lateral wall bears the oval window occupied by the stapes footplate.

scholarly journals Pneumolabyrinth: Radiologic Evidence of Labyrinthine Injury

2008 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 49-50
Author(s):  
Nathaniel W. Yang
Keyword(s):  
Soft Tissue ◽  
Inner Ear ◽  
Tympanic Membrane ◽  
Temporal Bone ◽  
Bone Fractures ◽  
Round Window ◽  
Spontaneous Nystagmus ◽  
Head Impulse Test ◽  
Round Window Membrane ◽  
The Right

A U.S. serviceman presented with a three month history of unsteadiness on ambulation and increasing episodes of vertigo whenever he turned his head rapidly to the right. He had previously been injured in a bomb blast while stationed in Iraq four months prior to consultation. Aside from multiple soft tissue and bone trauma, he had also experienced vertigo and nearly complete deafness in the right ear immediately after the blast. Medical records indicated the presence of a traumatic perforation of the right tympanic membrane and spontaneous nystagmus on initial emergency medical assessment after the incident. Physical examination on consultation revealed bilaterally intact eardrums, a positive right head impulse test, and a normal Romberg test. Audiometry showed a severe right SNHL. A presumptive diagnosis of a persistent perilymph fistula secondary to inner ear barotrauma was entertained, and supported by findings on temporal bone CT imaging. Figure 1 is the axial CT image of the patient's inner ear at the level of the basal turn of the cochlea. Two linear lucencies are visible within the cochlea (arrowheads). These have the same signal characteristics as the normal external auditory canal and middle ear space. As such, they indicate the presence of air within the cochlea – a condition termed pneumolabyrinth. Figure 2 shows a normal cochlea at the same level for comparison. Note the uniform soft tissue density within the cochlear lumen, representing the endocochlear fluids. The lucency in the round window niche (thin arrow) also represents air, but this is a normal finding.   Barotrauma from blast injuries and traumatic tympanic membrane perforations may cause perilymph fistulas. This is probably due to a sudden pressure wave transmitted through the tympanic membrane that results in an inward rupture of the round window membrane or an inward displacement of the stapedial footplate.1 Pneumolabyrinth has been identified in patients suffering from perilymph fistulas due to barotraumas,2 and therefore can bolster the diagnosis when identified in the appropriate clinical setting. It has also been identified in patients with perilymph fistulas from other causes, including iatrogenic stapes fractures during mastoid surgery, temporal bone fractures, cholesteatoma, neoplasms of the temporal bone, stapedectomy, and after cochlear implantation.3

scholarly journals Organ of Corti size is governed by Yap/Tead-mediated progenitor self-renewal

2020 ◽  
Vol 117 (24) ◽  
pp. 13552-13561 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ksenia Gnedeva ◽  
Xizi Wang ◽  
Melissa M. McGovern ◽  
Matthew Barton ◽  
Litao Tao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Cycle ◽  
Inner Ear ◽  
Progenitor Cells ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Organ Of Corti ◽  
Regulatory Elements ◽  
Tissue Growth ◽  
Viral Gene ◽  
Self Renewal ◽  
Sensory Epithelia

Precise control of organ growth and patterning is executed through a balanced regulation of progenitor self-renewal and differentiation. In the auditory sensory epithelium—the organ of Corti—progenitor cells exit the cell cycle in a coordinated wave between E12.5 and E14.5 before the initiation of sensory receptor cell differentiation, making it a unique system for studying the molecular mechanisms controlling the switch between proliferation and differentiation. Here we identify the Yap/Tead complex as a key regulator of the self-renewal gene network in organ of Corti progenitor cells. We show that Tead transcription factors bind directly to the putative regulatory elements of many stemness- and cell cycle-related genes. We also show that the Tead coactivator protein, Yap, is degraded specifically in the Sox2-positive domain of the cochlear duct, resulting in down-regulation of Tead gene targets. Further, conditional loss of theYapgene in the inner ear results in the formation of significantly smaller auditory and vestibular sensory epithelia, while conditional overexpression of a constitutively active version ofYap,Yap5SA, is sufficient to prevent cell cycle exit and to prolong sensory tissue growth. We also show that viral gene delivery ofYap5SAin the postnatal inner ear sensory epithelia in vivo drives cell cycle reentry after hair cell loss. Taken together, these data highlight the key role of the Yap/Tead transcription factor complex in maintaining inner ear progenitors during development, and suggest new strategies to induce sensory cell regeneration.

Temporal Bone Histopathologic Findings in Oculoauriculovertebral Dysplasia

1986 ◽  
Vol 95 (4) ◽  
pp. 396-400 ◽  
Author(s):  
Isamu Sando ◽  
Minoru Ikeda
Keyword(s):  
Inner Ear ◽  
Temporal Bone ◽  
Middle Ear ◽  
External Auditory Canal ◽  
Oval Window ◽  
The Right ◽  
Histopathologic Findings

The right temporal bone of a 6-month-old patient with oculoauriculovertebral dysplasia (Goldenhar's syndrome) was examined histopathologically. The most striking abnormalities were deformity of the auricle, atresia of the external auditory canal, severe malformation of middle ear structures, and incomplete development of the oval window. No inner ear abnormalities were identified in this case.

scholarly journals Damage to inner ear structure during cochlear implantation: Correlation between insertion force and radio-histological findings in temporal bone specimens

2017 ◽  
Vol 344 ◽  
pp. 90-97 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniele De Seta ◽  
Renato Torres ◽  
Francesca Yoshie Russo ◽  
Evelyne Ferrary ◽  
Guillaume Kazmitcheff ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Inner Ear ◽  
Temporal Bone ◽  
Cochlear Implantation ◽  
Histological Findings ◽  
Insertion Force

Temporal Bone Showing Otosclerosis, Paget's Disease and Adenocarcinoma

1977 ◽  
Vol 86 (3) ◽  
pp. 381-385 ◽  
Author(s):  
George Kelemen
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Bone ◽  
Paget’S Disease ◽  
Organ Of Corti ◽  
Paget's Disease ◽  
Serial Sectioning ◽  
Adjacent Organ ◽  
The Right ◽  
Temporal Bones

In a pair of temporal bones serial sectioning revealed widespread Paget's disease with otosclerosis on both sides and, at the right side, adenocarcinoma added. Stapedial fixation was produced on the right by otosclerosis, and on the left by Paget's disease. In the contest to reach the inner cochlear space, Paget was the winner on the left, where, at the tympanic scala, otosclerosis and Paget's disease almost met, while the immediately adjacent organ of Corti was uninvolved.

Endotoxic damage to the stria vascularis: the pathogenesis of sensorineural hearing loss secondary to otitis media?

1994 ◽  
Vol 108 (4) ◽  
pp. 310-313 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yangchun Guo ◽  
Yiqin Wu ◽  
Wenlie Chen ◽  
Jizhen Lin
Keyword(s):  
Inner Ear ◽  
Otitis Media ◽  
Stria Vascularis ◽  
Animal Experiments ◽  
Organ Of Corti ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Structural Evaluation ◽  
Ion Imbalance ◽  
Secondary Lysosomes ◽  
Perilymphatic Space

AbstractThis study presents animal experiments on endotoxin (lipopolysaccharides: LPS) damage to the inner ear with special reference to the stria vascularis. The experimental group animals (albino guinea pigs) were injected with LPS into the perilymphatic space. Pyrogen-free saline (PFS) was injected into the control group. Strial structural evaluation and hearing tests were carried out before and one, three and five days after treatment. In PFS-treated (control) ears, no significant change was found either in hearing or structure. However, thresholds of Nl/Pl were elevated and latencies prolonged in LPS-treated ears. They had severe strial damage mainly to the cellular organelles. The mitochondria became swollen with a disordered, broken, degenerated or absent crest. Secondary lysosomes and autophagosomes increased in number with the presence of medulative inclusions. Na+-K+-ATPase reactant was obviously diminished. It is concluded that LPS-induced strial ototoxicityproduces ion imbalance, causing changesin endolymph composition and energy failure in the organ of Corti and is also responsible for the pathogenesis of inner ear sequelae secondary to otitis media.

Otoconia formation in the chick embryo

1983 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
pp. 572-573
Author(s):  
C.D. Fermin ◽  
M. Igarashi
Keyword(s):  
Chick Embryo ◽  
Inner Ear ◽  
Gallus Domesticus ◽  
The Body ◽  
Abnormal Behavior ◽  
Intensive Study ◽  
Basic Fuchsin ◽  
Gestational Period ◽  
Sensory Epithelia ◽  
Transmission Electron

Otoconia are microscopic geometric structures that cover the sensory epithelia of the utricle and saccule (gravitational receptors) of mammals, and the lagena macula of birds. The importance of otoconia for maintanance of the body balance is evidenced by the abnormal behavior of species with genetic defects of otolith. Although a few reports have dealt with otoconia formation, some basic questions remain unanswered. The chick embryo is desirable for studying otoconial formation because its inner ear structures are easily accessible, and its gestational period is short (21 days of incubation).The results described here are part of an intensive study intended to examine the morphogenesis of the otoconia in the chick embryo (Gallus- domesticus) inner ear. We used chick embryos from the 4th day of incubation until hatching, and examined the specimens with light (LM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The embryos were decapitated, and fixed by immersion with 3% cold glutaraldehyde. The ears and their parts were dissected out under the microscope; no decalcification was used. For LM, the ears were embedded in JB-4 plastic, cut serially at 5 micra and stained with 0.2% toluidine blue and 0.1% basic fuchsin in 25% alcohol.

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