scholarly journals Under Pressure: Examining Social Conformity With Computer and Robot Groups

2018 ◽  
Vol 60 (8) ◽  
pp. 1207-1218 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas Hertz ◽  
Eva Wiese
Keyword(s):  
Task Type ◽  
Social Conformity ◽  
Group Context ◽  
The Social ◽  
Human Likeness ◽  
Conformity Effect ◽  
Group Members ◽  
Human Operators ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Analytical Task

Objective: The authors investigate whether nonhuman agents, such as computers or robots, produce a social conformity effect in human operators and examine to what extent potential conformist behavior varies as a function of the human-likeness of the group members and the type of task that has to be performed. Background: People conform due to normative and/or informational motivations in human–human interactions, and conformist behavior is modulated by factors related to the individual as well as factors associated with the group, context, and culture. Studies have yet to examine whether nonhuman agents also induce social conformity. Method: Participants were assigned to a computer, robot, or human group and completed both a social and analytical task with the respective group. Results: Conformity measures (percentage of times participants answered in line with agents on critical trials) subjected to a 3 × 2 mixed ANOVA showed significantly higher conformity rates for the analytical versus the social task as well as a modulation of conformity depending of the perceived agent–task fit. Conclusion: Findings indicate that nonhuman agents were able to exert a social conformity effect, which was modulated further by the perceived match between agent and task type. Participants conformed to comparable degrees with agents during the analytical task but conformed significantly more strongly on the social task as the group’s human-likeness increased. Application: Results suggest that users may react differently to the influence of nonhuman agent groups with the potential for variability in conformity depending on the domain of the task.

scholarly journals Under Pressure: Examining Social Conformity with Computer and Robot Groups

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas Hertz ◽  
Eva Wiese
Keyword(s):  
Social Conformity ◽  
Informational Influence ◽  
Group Context ◽  
Human Agent ◽  
Social Tasks ◽  
Human Likeness ◽  
Conformity Effect ◽  
Group Members ◽  
Human Operators ◽  
The Individual

Objective: To investigate whether non-human agents, such as computers or social robots, produce a social conformity effect within human operators and to what extent potential conformist behavior varies as a function of the human-likeness of the group members and the type of task that had to be performed. Background: People conform due to normative and/or informational motivations in human-human interactions, and conformist behavior is modulated by factors related to the individual, as well as factors associated with the group, context and culture. Studies have yet to examine whether non-human agents also induce social conformity. Method: Participants were assigned to a computer, robot, or human group and completed both a social and analytical task with the respective group. Results: Conformity measures (percentage of times participants answered in line with agents on critical trials) subjected to a 3 x 2 mixed ANOVA showed significantly higher conformity rates for the analytical versus the social task, as well as a modulation of conformity depending of the perceived agent-task fit. Conclusion: Findings indicate that non-human agents were able to exert a general conformity effect and that informational influence associated with the group’s expertise for a given task had a stronger impact on conformity than normative motivations associated with its human-likeness. Application: Results suggest that users may react differently to suggestions of non-human versus human agent groups with the potential of under-reliance on social tasks.

scholarly journals Mixing It Up: How Mixed Groups of Humans and Machines Modulate Conformity

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 242-257 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas Hertz ◽  
Tyler Shaw ◽  
Ewart J. de Visser ◽  
Eva Wiese
Keyword(s):  
Group Composition ◽  
Task Type ◽  
Human Interaction ◽  
Mixed Analysis ◽  
The Social ◽  
Task Types ◽  
Mixed Groups ◽  
Group Opinion ◽  
Analytical Task ◽  
And Task

This study examines to what extent mixed groups of computers and humans are able to produce conformity effects in human interaction partners. Previous studies reveal that nonhuman groups can induce conformity under certain circumstances, but it is unknown to what extent mixed groups of human and nonhuman agents are able to produce similar effects. It is also unknown how varying the number of human agents per group can affect conformity. Participants were assigned to one of five groups varying in their proportion of human to nonhuman agent composition and were asked to complete a social and analytical task with the assigned group. These task types were chosen to represent tasks which humans (i.e., social task) or computers (i.e., analytical task) may be perceived as having greater expertise in, as well as roughly approximating real-world tasks humans may complete. A mixed analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed higher rates of conformity (i.e., percentage of time participants answered in line with their group on critical trials) with the group opinion for the analytical versus the social task. In addition, there was an impact of the ratio of human to nonhuman agents per group on conformity on the social task, with higher conformity with the group opinion as the number of humans in the group increased. No such effect was observed for the analytical task. The findings suggest that mixed groups produce different levels of conformity depending on group composition and task type. Designers of systems should be aware that group composition and task type may influence compliance and should design systems accordingly.

scholarly journals The program is perfect

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Christensen
Keyword(s):  
Personal Responsibility ◽  
Safety Net ◽  
The United States ◽  
Individual Responsibility ◽  
Narcotics Anonymous ◽  
Social Safety Net ◽  
The Social ◽  
Group Members ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Life Course

This article examines Narcotics Anonymous (NA) membership in two ways: how blame for failure is displaced from the ‘perfect’ organizational program and onto the individual addict working to remain sober and how this displacement is accompanied by notions of individual responsibility and work. These discourses illustrate the influence of a neoliberal outlook on the life course among ‘clean’ NA members, particularly as the social safety net in the United States has been systematically reduced and replaced by a system that focuses attention on personal responsibility. I show how NA’s ideological approach blinds group members and the larger public to the complexity of addiction, turning addicts who struggle with recovery into failures, through internalized ideological trajectories that root responsibility in the self while discounting context.

Trust in Automated Agents is Modulated by the Combined Influence of Agent and Task Type

2016 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 206-210 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melissa A. Smith ◽  
M. Mowafak Allaham ◽  
Eva Wiese
Keyword(s):  
Task Type ◽  
Automated System ◽  
Emotional States ◽  
Automated Systems ◽  
Substantial Impact ◽  
The Social ◽  
Context Variables ◽  
Social Tasks ◽  
Human Likeness ◽  
And Performance

Trust in automation is an important topic in the field of human factors and has a substantial impact on both attitudes towards and performance with automated systems. One variable that has been shown to influence trust is the degree of human-likeness that is displayed by the automated system with the main finding being that increased human-like appearance leads to increased ratings of trust. In the current study, we investigate whether humanness unanimously leads to higher trust or whether the degree to which an agent is trusted depends on context variables (i.e., task type). For that purpose, we created a task with a social (i.e., judging emotional states from the eye region) and an analytical component (i.e., mathematical task) and measured how strongly participants complied to human, avatar or computer agents when performing the social versus the analytical version with them. We hypothesized that human-like agents are trusted more on social tasks, while machine-like agents are trusted more on analytical tasks. In line with our hypothesis, the results show that, human agents are in general not trusted more than automated agents but that the degree to which an agent is trusted depends on the anticipated expertise of an agent for a given task. The findings suggest that when designing automated systems that are supposed to interact with humans, the degree of humanness of the agent needs to match the degree to which a task requires social skills.

A Theoretical Literature Review on the Social Identity Model of Organizational Leadership

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 371-382 ◽  
Author(s):  
John R. Turner ◽  
Martin R. Chacon-Rivera
Keyword(s):  
Leadership Development ◽  
Social Identity ◽  
Human Resource Development ◽  
Organizational Leadership ◽  
Group Dynamics ◽  
Development Interventions ◽  
The Social ◽  
Identity Model ◽  
Group Members ◽  
The Individual

The Problem Leadership is commonly represented as being an individual construct with characteristics, competencies, and traits that identify the individual. Leadership development interventions are also framed around the individual leader. Leadership needs to account for the perceptions and identities of all group members. This includes a leader who is a prototype of both the in-group and out-group members. The Solution Leadership development efforts could be designed to account for the different identities of all members involved, producing a representative prototypical leader. Implementing the social identity model of organizational leadership (SIMOL) theory could be the catalyst that furthers human resource development (HRD)’s efforts of providing a new Worldview of Leadership as called for by McLean and Beigi, one that is all inclusive of its membership. The Stakeholders Considering the SIMOL theory, HRD scholars and scholar-practitioners could offer new perspectives when viewing the leader-group dynamics and leadership development.

Social attribution, correspondence bias, and the emergence of stereotypes *This research has been completed in partial requirement of a doctoral dissertation of the first author under the supervision of the second author. We wish to thank the members of the social psychology division at the University of Louvain at Louvain-la-Neuve, especially Steve Rocher and Emanuele Castano for their insightful comments on preliminary drafts. This paper has been enriched by feedbacks received from Russell Spears, Roos Vonk, Margit Oswald, and anonymous reviewers. Many thanks to Philippe Kemp and Christophe Remy for their assistance in running the study, and to the students who volunteered to appear on the video. This research has been presented at the Social Cognition workshop of the Kurt Lewin Institute, workshop held at the Free University of Amsterdam in April 1998: we want to thank participants of this workshop and especially Gün Semin for their useful feedback. Completion of this study benefited from a research grant from the Belgian National Fund for Scientific Research to the first author.

1999 ◽  
Vol 58 (4) ◽  
pp. 233-240 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anouk Rogier ◽  
Vincent Yzerbyt
Keyword(s):  
Correspondence Bias ◽  
Social Attribution ◽  
The Social ◽  
Dispositional Attributions ◽  
Kurt Lewin ◽  
Group Members ◽  
Group Target ◽  
The University ◽  
Institute Workshop ◽  
Research Grant

Yzerbyt, Rogier and Fiske (1998) argued that perceivers confronted with a group high in entitativity (i.e., a group perceived as an entity, a tight-knit group) more readily call upon an underlying essence to explain people's behavior than perceivers confronted with an aggregate. Their study showed that group entitativity promoted dispositional attributions for the behavior of group members. Moreover, stereotypes emerged when people faced entitative groups. In this study, we replicate and extend these results by providing further evidence that the process of social attribution is responsible for the emergence of stereotypes. We use the attitude attribution paradigm ( Jones & Harris, 1967 ) and show that the correspondence bias is stronger for an entitative group target than for an aggregate. Besides, several dependent measures indicate that the target's group membership stands as a plausible causal factor to account for members' behavior, a process we call Social Attribution. Implications for current theories of stereotyping are discussed.

Liberté d'opinion et limite normative dans une représentation sociale: le développement de l'intelligence 1Ce texte reprend l'essentiel d'un exposé présenté en juin 1998 à la Faculté de Psychologie et des Sciences de l'Education de Genève, à l'occasion de la collation du Doctorat Honoris Causa de l'Université de Genève à l'auteur.

1999 ◽  
Vol 58 (3) ◽  
pp. 201-206 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claude Flament
Keyword(s):  
Social Representations ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Individual

This paper is concerned by a possible articulation between the diversity of individual opinions and the existence of consensus in social representations. It postulates the existence of consensual normative boundaries framing the individual opinions. A study by questionnaire about the social representations of the development of intelligence gives support to this notion.

A Moment to Come Together: Personal Reflections on Trayvon Martin

2013 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 131-137
Author(s):  
Roxanne Christensen ◽  
LaSonia Barlow ◽  
Demetrius E. Ford
Keyword(s):  
Civil Rights ◽  
Doctoral Students ◽  
Professional Psychology ◽  
Direct Effects ◽  
The Social ◽  
To Come ◽  
Professional Responses ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Personal Reflections ◽  
Unique Individual

Three personal reflections provided by doctoral students of the Michigan School of Professional Psychology (Farmington Hills, Michigan) address identification of individual perspectives on the tragic events surrounding Trayvon Martin’s death. The historical ramifications of a culture-in-context and the way civil rights, racism, and community traumatization play a role in the social construction of criminals are explored. A justice orientation is applied to both the community and the individual via internal reflection about the unique individual and collective roles social justice plays in the outcome of these events. Finally, the personal and professional responses of a practitioner who is also a mother of minority young men brings to light the need to educate against stereotypes, assist a community to heal, and simultaneously manage the direct effects of such events on youth in society. In all three essays, common themes of community and growth are addressed from varying viewpoints. As worlds collided, a historical division has given rise to a present unity geared toward breaking the cycle of violence and trauma. The authors plead that if there is no other service in the name of this tragedy, let it at least contribute to the actualization of a society toward growth and healing.

Late Antique Letter Collections

2016 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Late Antiquity ◽  
Literary Genre ◽  
Late Antique ◽  
Comprehensive Overview ◽  
Literary Genres ◽  
The Social ◽  
Letter Writer ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Letter Collection ◽  
Latin Letter

This volume provides the first comprehensive overview of the extant Greek and Latin letter collections of late antiquity (ca. 300-600 C.E.). Bringing together an international team of historians, classicists, and scholars of religion, it illustrates how letter collections advertised an image of the letter writer and introduces the social and textual histories of each collection. Nearly every chapter focuses on the letter collection of a different late ancient author—from the famous (or even infamous) to the obscure—and investigates its particular issues of content, arrangement, and publication context. On the whole, the volume reveals how late antique letter collections operated as a discrete literary genre with its own conventions, transmission processes, and self-presentational agendas while offering new approaches to interpret both larger letter collections and the individual letters contained within them. Each chapter contributes to a broad argument that scholars should read letter collections as they do representatives of other late antique literary genres, as single texts made up of individual components, with larger thematic and literary characteristics that are as important as those of their component parts.

ПСИХОЛОГІЧНИЙ СУПРОВІД СТАНОВЛЕННЯ УСПІШНОЇ ОСОБИСТОСТІ У ПРОФЕСІЙНОМУ СЕРЕДОВИЩІ В УМОВАХ СОЦІАЛЬНИХ ТА ОСВІТНІХ РЕФОРМ

1970 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 221-226
Author(s):  
Олена Горова
Keyword(s):  
Social Activity ◽  
Professional Activity ◽  
Subjective Feeling ◽  
Support Worker ◽  
Gainful Employment ◽  
Progressive Development ◽  
Professional Success ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Favorable Conditions

Професійне   становлення   особистості   супроводжує   всі   етапи  соціально-вікового   розвитку  особистості.  Трудова  діяльність  є  основним  видом  суспільної  активності,  який  дозволяє  працівнику  задовольняти  основні  потреби,  особливо  у  процесі  постійних  соціальних,  освітніх  реформ.  Важливим  завданням психологічного супроводу працівника у процесі виконання професійної діяльності є забезпечення  сприятливих  умов  формування  професійно  важливих  якостей.  Соціальна  успішність  є  результатом  ефективного  розв’язання  виробничих  завдань, які  мають  суспільно корисну  важливість  та  пов’язані  з  потребами інших людей. Якісний прогресивний розвиток працівника можливий лише за умови збереження  стійкого  позитивного  ставлення  до  професії.  Позитивна  професійна  самоідентифікація  пов’язана  з  ототожненням  та  персоналізацією  працівником  особистісних  рис  працівників,  які  досягли  успіху  у  професії,  мають  суспільно  визнані  результати  діяльності.  Таким  чином,  професійна  успішність  як  суб’єктне  новоутворення  у  якості  відчуття  гордості  за  власні  результати  діяльності  забезпечує  реалізацію традиції наставництва і  передачі позитивного професійного досвіду.    Професійно  успішний  працівник  усвідомлює  необхідність  та  важливість  результатів  своєї  діяльності  для  інших,  що  вимагає,  відповідно,  від  соціального  середовища  усвідомлення  необхідності  визнання  результатів  діяльності  фахівців.  Знехтуваний  суспільством  працівник,  або  той,  результати  діяльності  якого  позиціонуються  як  меншовартісні,  дистанціюється  від  професії  та  має  негативний  потенціал розвитку. Professional formation of the person accompanies all phases of social and age of the individual. Gainful  employment is the main form of social activity that allows the employee to realize the basic needs. An important task  of psychological support worker in the course of professional activity is to provide favorable conditions for the  formation  of  professionally  important  qualities.  Professional  success  is  the  result  of  an  effective  solution  of  industrial jobs that are socially useful and important related to the needs of others. High-quality progressive  development of an employee is only possible while maintaining a stable positive attitude towards the profession.  Positive  professional  identity  associated  with  the  identification  and  personalization  of  employee  personality traits of employees who have been successful in the profession, who have publicly acknowledged  performance. Thus professional success as the subjective feeling of a lump in the pride of their own results of  operations  ensures  the  implementation  of  the  tradition  of  mentoring  and  of  positive  transfer  of  professional  experience.  Professionally successful employees aware of the need and the importance of the results of its operations  for the other, which requires, respectively, from the social environment - awareness of the need to recognize the  performance of specialists. Unclaimed society worker, or the results of operations, which are positioned as less  important, is moving away from the profession and has a negative potential. 

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