Heroin Use, Crime and Employment Status

1988 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 467-479 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles E. Faupel
Keyword(s):  
Drug Use ◽  
Criminal Behavior ◽  
Occupational Status ◽  
Employment Level ◽  
Heroin Use ◽  
Heroin Users ◽  
Criminal Involvement ◽  
Crime Types ◽  
The Impact ◽  
American Cities

The impact of employment on addict criminality is examined with data from interviews with 544 daily heroin users in five American cities. Addict criminality is examined across employment levels, occupational categories and crime types. The hypothesis that increased employment level and occupational status should inhibit criminal involvement vis a vis increased legitimate income is only partially supported. These findings further suggest that both drug use and criminal behavior are manifestations of a broader social involvement in the subculture of drug use. Likewise, employment represents more than simply a source of income, but rather constitutes a dynamic social feature of the subculture which may impact on criminality in various ways.

Examining a migration-based phenomenon of heroin use in an urban drug scene in Sao Paulo, Brazil

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcelo Ribeiro ◽  
Rosana Frajzinger ◽  
Luciane Ogata Perrenoud ◽  
Benedikt Fischer
Keyword(s):  
Drug Use ◽  
Crack Cocaine ◽  
Methadone Treatment ◽  
Rapid Test ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
Heroin Use ◽  
Heroin Users ◽  
Content Type

Purpose Brazil’s street-based drug use is mostly characterized by non-injection psychostimulant (e.g. crack-cocaine) drug use in Brazil, with limited interventions and service availability. Recently, an influx of multi-ethnic migrants within an urban drug scene in Sao Paulo was associated with heroin use, a drug normatively absent from Brazil. The purpose of this paper is to characterize and compare heroin use-related characteristics and outcomes for an attending sub-sample of clients from a large community-based treatment centre (“CRATOD”) serving Sao Paulo’s local urban drug scene. Design/methodology/approach All non-Brazilian patients (n = 109) receiving services at CRATOD for 2013–2016 were identified from patient files, divided into heroin users (n = 40) and non-heroin users (n = 69). Based on chart reviews, select socio-demographic, drug use and health status (including blood-borne-virus and other infections per rapid test methods) were examined and bi-variately compared. Multi-variate analyses examined factors independently associated with heroin use. Findings Most participants were male and middle-aged, poly-drug users and socio-economically marginalized. While heroin users primarily originated from Africa, they reported significantly more criminal histories, drug (e.g. injection) and sex-risk behaviors and elevated rates of BBV (e.g. Hepatitis C Virus and HIV). A minority of heroin users attending the clinic was provided methadone treatment, mostly for detoxification. Originality/value This study documented information on a distinct sample of mostly migration-based heroin users in Sao Paulo, Brazil. Based on the local experience, global migration dynamics can bring changes to established drug use cultures and services, including new challenges for drug use-related related behaviors and therapeutic interventions that require effective understanding and addressing.

The Intersection of Drug Use and Criminal Behavior: Results from the National Household Survey on Drug Abuse

1992 ◽  
Vol 38 (4) ◽  
pp. 422-443 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lana Harrison ◽  
Joseph Gfroerer
Keyword(s):  
Drug Abuse ◽  
Drug Use ◽  
Criminal Behavior ◽  
Property Crime ◽  
Household Survey ◽  
Important Predictor ◽  
Criminal Involvement ◽  
Strong Correlate ◽  
National Household Survey ◽  
The Relationship

In 1991, questions on involvement in criminal behavior and being arrested and booked for a crime were added to the National Household Survey on Drug Abuse (NHSDA) to ascertain the relationship between drug use and criminal behavior. Analysis shows that drug use is a strong correlate of being booked for a criminal offense, but age is the more important correlate of criminal involvement. There were few differences in models predicting violent as opposed to property crime, although minority status was a more important predictor of violent crime, and poverty was a more important predictor of property crime. Cocaine use was the most important covariate of being booked for a crime in large metropolitan areas that were oversampled in the 1991 NHSDA.

Local Option, Alcohol and Crime

2014 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 791-816 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen B. Billings
Keyword(s):  
Alcohol Use ◽  
Drug Use ◽  
Criminal Behavior ◽  
Positive Relationship ◽  
County Level ◽  
Policy Changes ◽  
Panel Models ◽  
Local Option ◽  
The Impact

Abstract With the end of National Prohibition in 1933, 30 states gave counties and municipalities the local option to continue alcohol restrictions. Currently, 10% of U.S. counties still maintain a ban on some or all alcohol. Since the Prohibition movement advanced on the association between alcohol use and criminal behavior, this research examines the impact of county-level alcohol restrictions on multiple types of crime across five U.S. states. Standard panel models show a positive relationship between local option policy changes to allow alcohol and crime. The novelty of this research involves comparing the impact of alcohol restrictions across crimes classified by the degree to which an offense is often committed under the influence of alcohol. Results highlight impacts across a number of crime categories with crimes commonly committed under the influence of alcohol as well as crimes involving drug use and even crimes associated with obtaining alcohol all increasing when counties allow the sale and consumption of alcohol.

Reliability of heroin users’ reports of drug use behaviour using a 24 month timeline follow-back technique to assess the impact of the australian heroin shortage

2004 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 433-443 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carolyn Day ◽  
Linette Collins ◽  
Louisa Degenhardt ◽  
Clare Thetford ◽  
Lisa Maher
Keyword(s):  
Drug Use ◽  
Heroin Users ◽  
The Impact

Explanations for Heroin Use

1988 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 457-465 ◽  
Author(s):  
Niall Coggans ◽  
John B. Davies
Keyword(s):  
Drug Use ◽  
Attribution Theory ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Heroin Use ◽  
Heroin Users

This paper examines, from the perspective of “attribution theory,” the role of explanations (for drug use) in giving up drug use. In particular, the “functional utility” of explanations (attributions) in the service of self-esteem needs is discussed. It appears that, in a group of heroin users, explanations are consistently related to level or pattern of heroin use in a manner with considerable utility for self-esteem. The attributional strategies employed, and the implications of particular attributions (explanations) for drug use are also discussed.

Heroin Use and Street Crime

1979 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 335-346 ◽  
Author(s):  
James A. Inciardi
Keyword(s):  
Drug Use ◽  
Drug Users ◽  
Criminal Activity ◽  
Street Crime ◽  
Heroin Use ◽  
Heroin Users ◽  
The Relationship

The relationship between heroin use and street crime has been studied for the better part of this century, but the findings have been inconclusive. Research in this area has been limited to analyses of criminality in terms of arrest data, and samples have been drawn only from officially known populations of drug users. The present study focuses on a sample of 356 active heroin users from Miami, Florida, and data have been collected de scribing their officially known and self-reported criminal activity. The data indicate that, while active heroin users are heavily involved in street crime, any relationship between drug use and crime is much more complex than has been generally believed. The findings of the research suggest that the wrong questions may have been asked in previous studies of the drugs/crime nexus.

Illicit Drug use in the Australian Capital Territory: Implications for the Feasibility of a “Heroin Trial”

1993 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 127-145 ◽  
Author(s):  
David McDonald ◽  
Adele Stevens ◽  
Phyll Dance ◽  
Gabriele Bammer
Keyword(s):  
Drug Use ◽  
Illicit Drug ◽  
Illicit Drug Use ◽  
Illegal Drug ◽  
Australian Capital Territory ◽  
Heroin Users ◽  
Illegal Drug Use ◽  
Australian Capital ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
The Impact

The National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health and the Australian Institute of Criminology are jointly engaged in a study of the feasibility of conducting a trial to provide heroin and other opioids to current heroin users in a controlled manner. (This is referred to by the short-hand of a “heroin trial”.) Heroin and other illicit drug use in the Australian Capital Territory (ACT) is being researched as part of this process. We present a brief overview of the demographics of the ACT, the patterns of illegal drug use, drug prices, trends in drug use, the impact of illegal drug use and estimates of the number of heroin users in the ACT. Illicit opioid users in the ACT are not an homogeneous group of people and most are far removed from the stereotypical “junkie”. Existing data suggests that the ACT may have some 1,000 dependent heroin users and over 3,000 non-dependent users, but more work is required to develop a more precise estimate of numbers. A combination of quantitative and qualitative data is essential for highlighting the potential advantages and disadvantages of a trial and for determining whether or not a trial is feasible.

Drug Addiction and Criminality: A Model for Predicting the Incidence of Crime among a Treatment Population

1982 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 293-303
Author(s):  
Barry J. Rosenthal ◽  
Kareem Nakkash
Keyword(s):  
Drug Abuse ◽  
Criminal Behavior ◽  
Probability Model ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Subsequent Treatment ◽  
Criminal Involvement ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Drug Free ◽  
Data Acquisition Process ◽  
Treatment Population

Although is has been posited that there is a causal relationship between drug abuse and crime, the determinative parameters of this phenomenon have not been adequately explored. Previous studies have failed to yield consistent results explaining the effects of drug abuse and subsequent treatment upon criminal behavior in terms of the direction and magnitude of the assumed relationship. Based on widely accepted methods for predicting the incidence of drug abuse among a treatment population (Hunt, 1976; Nakkash, 1977), the present study utilized this incidence technique to: (1) predict the expected incidence of crime among a drug abusing treatment population; (2) determine the impact of treatment upon the identified criminal activities; and (3) develop a probability model for determining the expected level of both drug abuse and crime subsequent to the treatment experience. The methodology modified the Incidence Model to include the variables of year of first criminal involvement, and number of crime-free and drug-free days before, during, and after treatment. The data used for this study was taken from two related sources: (1) the 1977 Client Oriented Data Acquisition Process (CODAP); and (2) the results from an Incidence, Prevalence and Cost-benefit Study conducted by Richard Katon Associates.

The Influence of Adolescent Substance Use and Socialization on Deviant Behavior in Young Adulthood

1994 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 236-255 ◽  
Author(s):  
SYBILLE M. GUY ◽  
GENE M. SMITH ◽  
P. M. BENTLER
Keyword(s):  
Substance Use ◽  
Drug Use ◽  
Criminal Behavior ◽  
Latent Variable ◽  
Deviant Behavior ◽  
Adolescent Substance Use ◽  
Adolescent Substance ◽  
Adolescent Drug Use ◽  
Interpersonal Aggression ◽  
The Impact

This study examined the impact of adolescent substance use on adult substance use and criminal behavior. Longitudinal data from 657 participants were assessed over 12 years (1969-1981). Latent variable models were used to determine what effect, if any, adolescent drug use had on later deviance. In addition, constructs relevant to traditional theories of social control, such as the extent of socialization and obedience to rules, were also included as predictors. The results showed that a general drug use factor in adolescence significantly predicted adult illicit substance use, theft, and interpersonal aggression. Drug-related accidents (automobile and other) were also predicted from adolescent drug use. These findings are consistent with several theories suggesting that different forms of deviance may influence each other over time.

Some Social and Personality Correlates of Heroin Use

1973 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 755-758 ◽  
Author(s):  
Theodore A. Weissbach ◽  
Bonnie Auerbach ◽  
Roger E. Vogler
Keyword(s):  
Drug Use ◽  
Personality Measures ◽  
Heroin Use ◽  
Heroin Users ◽  
Drug Culture ◽  
Personality Correlates

Two groups of Ss, one heroin knowledgeable and one heroin naive, were administered tests of personality and degree of contact with the drug culture. It was predicted that: (1) drug use is related to association with other users, (2) personality measures would distinguish heroin from non-heroin users, and (3) heroin-knowledgeable Ss would be more impulsive in their judgments than heroin-naive Ss.

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