Local Option, Alcohol and Crime

2014 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 791-816 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen B. Billings
Keyword(s):  
Alcohol Use ◽  
Drug Use ◽  
Criminal Behavior ◽  
Positive Relationship ◽  
County Level ◽  
Policy Changes ◽  
Panel Models ◽  
Local Option ◽  
The Impact

Abstract With the end of National Prohibition in 1933, 30 states gave counties and municipalities the local option to continue alcohol restrictions. Currently, 10% of U.S. counties still maintain a ban on some or all alcohol. Since the Prohibition movement advanced on the association between alcohol use and criminal behavior, this research examines the impact of county-level alcohol restrictions on multiple types of crime across five U.S. states. Standard panel models show a positive relationship between local option policy changes to allow alcohol and crime. The novelty of this research involves comparing the impact of alcohol restrictions across crimes classified by the degree to which an offense is often committed under the influence of alcohol. Results highlight impacts across a number of crime categories with crimes commonly committed under the influence of alcohol as well as crimes involving drug use and even crimes associated with obtaining alcohol all increasing when counties allow the sale and consumption of alcohol.

scholarly journals Does parental permissiveness toward cigarette smoking and alcohol use influence illicit drug use among adolescents? A longitudinal study in seven European countries

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emina Mehanović ◽  
Federica Vigna-Taglianti ◽  
Fabrizio Faggiano ◽  
Maria Rosaria Galanti ◽  
Barbara Zunino ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alcohol Use ◽  
Drug Use ◽  
Cigarette Smoking ◽  
Longitudinal Data ◽  
Illicit Drug ◽  
Large Population ◽  
Illicit Drug Use ◽  
European Countries ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Purpose Adolescents’ perceptions of parental norms may influence their substance use. The relationship between parental norms toward cigarette and alcohol use, and the use of illicit substances among their adolescent children is not sufficiently investigated. The purpose of this study was to analyze this relationship, including gender differences, using longitudinal data from a large population-based study. Methods The present study analyzed longitudinal data from 3171 12- to 14-year-old students in 7 European countries allocated to the control arm of the European Drug Addiction Prevention trial. The impact of parental permissiveness toward cigarettes and alcohol use reported by the students at baseline on illicit drug use at 6-month follow-up was analyzed through multilevel logistic regression models, stratified by gender. Whether adolescents’ own use of cigarette and alcohol mediated the association between parental norms and illicit drug use was tested through mediation models. Results Parental permissive norms toward cigarette smoking and alcohol use at baseline predicted adolescents’ illicit drug use at follow-up. The association was stronger among boys than among girls and was mediated by adolescents’ own cigarette and alcohol use. Conclusion Perceived parental permissiveness toward the use of legal drugs predicted adolescents’ use of illicit drugs, especially among boys. Parents should be made aware of the importance of norm setting, and supported in conveying clear messages of disapproval of all substances.

scholarly journals Dos mundos conectados: Cómo la exposición al estrés social nos hace más vulnerables al consumo de drogas

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandra Montagud-Romero ◽  
Marina D. Reguilón ◽  
Marta Rodriguez-Arias
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Social Interaction ◽  
Alcohol Use ◽  
Animal Models ◽  
Drug Use ◽  
Powerful Effect ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Brain

Stress is one of the main risk factors that can induce humans to develop disorders such as depression, anxiety, or drug use. One of the main sources of stress is social interaction, which can lead to situations such as bullying at school or at work. In this article we will review the close relationship between exposure to stressful situations and increased cocaine or alcohol use. We will present the main results obtained with animal models, which allow us to study the brain mechanisms involved in the impact of stress on drug use. To conclude, we will detail the main mechanisms that explain the powerful effect of stress on drug use.

The impact of sex, age at onset, recurrence, mode of ascertainment and medical complications on the family genetic risk score profiles for alcohol use disorder

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Kenneth S. Kendler ◽  
Henrik Ohlsson ◽  
Jan Sundquist ◽  
Kristina Sundquist
Keyword(s):  
Alcohol Use ◽  
Genetic Risk ◽  
Criminal Behavior ◽  
Alcohol Use Disorder ◽  
Genetic Risk Score ◽  
Age At Onset ◽  
Risk Scores ◽  
Medical Complications ◽  
The Family ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is clinically heterogeneous. We examine its potential genetic heterogeneity as a function of sex, age, clinical features and mode of ascertainment. Methods In the Swedish population born 1932–1995 (n = 5 829 952), we examined the genetic risk profiles for AUD, major depression (MD), anxiety disorders, bipolar disorder, drug use disorder (DUD), attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and criminal behavior (CB) in 361 124 cases of AUD subdivided by sex, age at onset (AAO), recurrence, mode of ascertainment and medical complications. Family genetic risk scores (FGRS), calculated from 1st to 5th-degree relatives controlling of cohabitation, assesses genetic risk from phenotypes in the family, not from DNA variants. Results FGRS profiles differed modestly across sex with all scores higher in females. Differences were more pronounced for AAO and recurrence with the FGRS for AUD, DUD, ADHD and CB substantially higher in cases with early AAO or high recurrence rates. Genetic profiles differed considerably by mode of ascertainment, with higher FGRS for AUD and most other disorders in patients seen in hospital v. primary care settings. Cases of AUD with medical complications had higher FGRS for AUD. AUD cases comorbid with MD and DUD had higher FGRS risk for AUD, but this genetic may be less specific given increases in FGRS for multiple other disorders. Conclusions From a genetic perspective, AUD differs substantially as a function of AAO, recurrence, mode of ascertainment and patterns of comorbidity, suggesting caution in cross-sample comparisons of AUD cohorts that differ in these features.

Street drug use during pregnancy: potential programming effects on preschool wheeze

2012 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 191-199 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. E. Alton ◽  
S. C. Tough ◽  
P. J. Mandhane ◽  
A. L. Kozyrskyj
Keyword(s):  
Alcohol Use ◽  
Drug Use ◽  
Perinatal Care ◽  
Maternal Distress ◽  
Substance Abusing ◽  
Prenatal Programming ◽  
Questionnaire Data ◽  
Independent Association ◽  
The Impact

Street drug use during pregnancy is detrimental to fetal development. Although the prevalence of wheeze is high in offspring of substance-abusing mothers, nothing is known about the role of street drug use during pregnancy in its development. We investigated the impact of maternal street drug use and distress during pregnancy on the development of wheeze and allergy in preschool children. Questionnaire data were accessed from the Community Perinatal Care trial of 791 mother–child pairs in Calgary, Alberta. Using logistic regression, the association between maternal substance use and distress during pregnancy, and wheeze and allergy at age 3 years was determined in boys and girls. After adjusting for alcohol use during pregnancy, pre- and postnatal tobacco use, preterm birth, duration of exclusive breastfeeding, daycare attendance and maternal socioeconomic status, maternal street drug use during pregnancy [odds ratio (OR): 5.02, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.30–19.4] and severe maternal distress during pregnancy (OR: 5.79, 95% CI: 1.25–26.8) were associated with wheeze in girls. In boys, an independent association was found between severe distress during pregnancy (OR: 3.85, 95% CI: 1.11–13.3) and allergies, but there was no association with maternal street drug use. In conclusion, we found an association between maternal street drug use and wheeze in preschool girls that could not be accounted for by maternal distress, smoking or alcohol use during pregnancy. Prenatal programming effects of street drugs may explain this association.

scholarly journals The Impact of Antebellum Slavery on Contemporary Income Inequality

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 56-92
Author(s):  
Javier E. Del Cid ◽  
Dominick Tanoh ◽  
Ian N. Sexton ◽  
Haruna Takeda ◽  
Paul Martin Sommers
Keyword(s):  
South Carolina ◽  
Income Inequality ◽  
Positive Relationship ◽  
Total Population ◽  
Antebellum South ◽  
County Level ◽  
Southern States ◽  
Strong Positive Relationship ◽  
Level Data ◽  
The Impact

The authors relate county-level data on the population of slaves in the antebellum South to present-day county-level Gini ratios on income inequality.  Outside the five Deep Southern states of Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, and South Carolina, the intensity of slavery in 1860 is associated with a lower degree of income inequality.  Inside these same five states in counties where the population of slaves accounted for more than 71 percent of the county’s total population in 1860, there is evidence of a strong positive relationship between slavery and contemporary income inequality.

The Influence of Adolescent Substance Use and Socialization on Deviant Behavior in Young Adulthood

1994 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 236-255 ◽  
Author(s):  
SYBILLE M. GUY ◽  
GENE M. SMITH ◽  
P. M. BENTLER
Keyword(s):  
Substance Use ◽  
Drug Use ◽  
Criminal Behavior ◽  
Latent Variable ◽  
Deviant Behavior ◽  
Adolescent Substance Use ◽  
Adolescent Substance ◽  
Adolescent Drug Use ◽  
Interpersonal Aggression ◽  
The Impact

This study examined the impact of adolescent substance use on adult substance use and criminal behavior. Longitudinal data from 657 participants were assessed over 12 years (1969-1981). Latent variable models were used to determine what effect, if any, adolescent drug use had on later deviance. In addition, constructs relevant to traditional theories of social control, such as the extent of socialization and obedience to rules, were also included as predictors. The results showed that a general drug use factor in adolescence significantly predicted adult illicit substance use, theft, and interpersonal aggression. Drug-related accidents (automobile and other) were also predicted from adolescent drug use. These findings are consistent with several theories suggesting that different forms of deviance may influence each other over time.

Alcohol, Drug Use, and Delinquent and Criminal Behaviors among Male Adolescents and Young Adults

1982 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 185-198 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barry S. Tuchfeld ◽  
Richard R. Clayton ◽  
John A. Logan
Keyword(s):  
Alcohol Use ◽  
Drug Use ◽  
Criminal Behavior ◽  
Drug Users ◽  
The United States ◽  
Hard Drug ◽  
Male Adolescents ◽  
Use Patterns ◽  
Criminal Behaviors ◽  
Criterion Behavior

This paper examines the relationship between reported delinquent and criminal behavior and drug use patterns among male adolescents and young men in the United States. In an effort to refine prior analyses on the subject, pattern of alcohol use is viewed as a variable worth considering in conjunction with heroin and/or cocaine use patterns. The analysis indicates that the drug patterns relate differentially to the selected indicators of delinquent and criminal behavior and that generalizations about these relationships depend on the nature of the criterion behavior and on ethnic group differences. It is concluded that the clearly excessive criminality of hard drug users does not make hard drug use a powerful predictor of criminality in the population as a whole, since a relative few of all criminal acts are committed by hard drug users and that pattern of alcohol use is a salient variable.

scholarly journals An Empirical Investigation Of Adolescent Depression, Alcohol Use, And Health Issues: Evidence From Family Structure And Gender

2012 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 247-256
Author(s):  
Monique S. Grant ◽  
G. Solomon Osho
Keyword(s):  
Alcohol Use ◽  
Drug Use ◽  
Family Structure ◽  
National Survey ◽  
Adolescent Depression ◽  
Empirical Investigation ◽  
Health Issues ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

A hundred and fifty (150) cases were chosen from the 2007 National Survey on Drug Use and Health. The study examined the relationship between alcohol use and depression and considered the impact of family structure and gender. Using ANOVA, it was concluded that family structure did not have a significant impact on the relationship between alcohol use and depression. Similar results were found when gender was also analyzed. 

Heroin Use, Crime and Employment Status

1988 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 467-479 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles E. Faupel
Keyword(s):  
Drug Use ◽  
Criminal Behavior ◽  
Occupational Status ◽  
Employment Level ◽  
Heroin Use ◽  
Heroin Users ◽  
Criminal Involvement ◽  
Crime Types ◽  
The Impact ◽  
American Cities

The impact of employment on addict criminality is examined with data from interviews with 544 daily heroin users in five American cities. Addict criminality is examined across employment levels, occupational categories and crime types. The hypothesis that increased employment level and occupational status should inhibit criminal involvement vis a vis increased legitimate income is only partially supported. These findings further suggest that both drug use and criminal behavior are manifestations of a broader social involvement in the subculture of drug use. Likewise, employment represents more than simply a source of income, but rather constitutes a dynamic social feature of the subculture which may impact on criminality in various ways.

scholarly journals The Role of the California Tier System in Controlling Population Mobility During the COVID-19 Pandemic

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emilie L. Schwarz ◽  
Lara Schwarz ◽  
Anaïs Teyton ◽  
Katie Crist ◽  
Tarik Benmarhnia
Keyword(s):  
Demographic Data ◽  
Geographic Region ◽  
Median Income ◽  
County Level ◽  
Population Mobility ◽  
Policy Changes ◽  
Contagious Diseases ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Tier System ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Policies to restrict population mobility are a commonly used strategy to limit the transmission of contagious diseases. Among measures implemented during the COVID-19 pandemic were dynamic stay-at-home orders informed by real-time, regional-level data. California was the only state in the U.S. to implement this novel approach; however, the effectiveness of California’s four-tier system on population mobility has not been quantified. Utilizing data from mobile devices and county-level demographic data, we evaluated the impact of policy changes on population mobility and explored whether demographic characteristics explained variability in responsiveness to policy changes. For each Californian county, we calculated the proportion of people staying home and the average number of daily trips taken per 100 persons, across different trip distances and compared this to pre-COVID-19 levels. We found that overall mobility decreased when counties moved to a more restrictive tier and increased when moving to a less restrictive tier, as the policy intended. When placed in a more restrictive tier, the greatest decrease in mobility was observed for shorter and medium-range trips, while there was an unexpected increase in the longer trips. The mobility response varied by geographic region, as well as county-level median income, gross domestic product, the prevalence of farms, and recent election results. This analysis provides evidence of the effectiveness of the tier-based system in decreasing overall population mobility to ultimately reduce COVID-19 transmission. Results demonstrate that economic and political indicators drive important variability in such patterns across counties.

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