Aids Education for Drug Users: Existing Research and New Directions

1992 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas Longshore
Keyword(s):  
Injection Drug Users ◽  
Drug Users ◽  
Risk Measures ◽  
Survey Methods ◽  
The United States ◽  
Aids Education ◽  
Methodological Issues ◽  
Antibody Testing ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Hiv Antibody Testing

This article reviews research on AIDS education targeted to injection drug users in the United States. Findings provide a context for discussing substantive and methodological issues to be addressed in “second generation” research. Substantive issues include: situational and contextual factors affecting risk, patterns of relapse to high-risk behavior and relapse prevention strategies, the importance of isolating the effects of intervention components, outcomes of HIV antibody testing/counseling, and social policy alternatives for AIDS prevention. Methodological issues include: the role of experimental research, the value of combining ethnographic and survey methods, methods appropriate for research on subjective aspects of risk, and alternatives to risk measures based on self reports.

scholarly journals Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis Training among Medical Schools in the United States

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
pp. 215013272110287
Author(s):  
Robert L. Cooper ◽  
Mohammad Tabatabai ◽  
Paul D. Juarez ◽  
Aramandla Ramesh ◽  
Matthew C. Morris ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Hiv Prevention ◽  
Injection Drug Users ◽  
Drug Users ◽  
Healthcare Providers ◽  
Medical Schools ◽  
The United States ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Exposure Prophylaxis

Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) has been shown to be an effective method of HIV prevention for men who have sex with-men (MSM) and -transgender women (MSTGWs), serodiscordant couples, and injection drug users; however fewer than 50 000 individuals currently take this regimen. Knowledge of PrEP is low among healthcare providers and much of this lack of knowledge stems from the lack or exposure to PrEP in medical school. We conducted a cross sectional survey of medical schools in the United States to assess the degree to which PrEP for HIV prevention is taught. The survey consisted Likert scale questions assessing how well the students were prepared to perform each skill associated with PrEP delivery, as well as how PrEP education was delivered to students. We contacted 141 medical schools and 71 responded to the survey (50.4%). PrEP education was only reported to be offered at 38% of schools, and only 15.4% reported specific training for Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender (LGBT) patients. The most common delivery methods of PrEP content were didactic sessions with 11 schools reporting this method followed by problem-based learning, direct patient contact, workshops, and small group discussions. Students were more prepared to provide PrEP to MSM compared to other high-risk patients. Few medical schools are preparing their students to prescribe PrEP upon graduation. Further, there is a need to increase the number of direct patient contacts or simulations for students to be better prepared.

Viral Hepatitis A

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenrad E Nelson ◽  
Brittany L Kmush
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Acute Hepatitis ◽  
Injection Drug Users ◽  
Drug Users ◽  
Hepatitis A ◽  
Hepatitis A Virus ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
The United States ◽  
Childhood Immunization ◽  
Effective Prevention

Epidemics of infectious jaundice have been reported throughout recorded history. However, the proof that many of these outbreaks and individual cases of acute hepatitis were caused by a viral infection, the hepatitis A virus (HAV), did not appear until the 1960s. After the transmission of infection to marmosets and humans, the epidemiologic and virologic characteristics that differed between hepatitis A and hepatitis B virus infections were defined more clearly. After the development and licensure of hepatitis A vaccines in the 1990s, it became possible to implement an effective prevention program involving routine immunization of young children in the United States and several other Western countries. However, despite the dramatic efficacy of the childhood immunization program in reducing the incidence of acute hepatitis from HAV in the population, older children and adults remained susceptible. Significant morbidity continues to occur in the United States among international travelers, injection drug users, persons with underlying liver disease, and other high-risk populations. Since HAV is a global pathogen, the prevention of increasing morbidity from hepatitis A attributable to the incidence of clinically more severe disease increases in countries transitioning from high to intermediate or low endemic status is a major public health challenge. In this review, we discuss the epidemiology, virology, clinical characteristics, and prevention of hepatitis A infections. This review contains 8 figures, 3 tables and 89 references Key words: epidemiology, global impact, hepatitis A vaccine, hepatitis A virus, prevention, reservoirs, risk factors, treatment

scholarly journals The Quick and Dirty: A Tetanus Case Report

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick Mcelaney ◽  
Masayuki Iyanaga ◽  
Stormy Monks ◽  
Edward Michelson
Keyword(s):  
Injection Drug Users ◽  
Drug Users ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
The United States ◽  
Post Vaccination ◽  
Treatment And Prevention ◽  
High Risk Populations ◽  
Prompt Diagnosis ◽  
Rare Diagnosis ◽  
The U.S

Tetanus is an increasingly rare diagnosis in the post-vaccination era, although it continues to have significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. In the United States (U.S.), the incidence of tetanus has declined dramatically due to the widespread use of the vaccine. High-risk populations for tetanus in the U.S. include the elderly, diabetics, injection drug users, and unvaccinated individuals. This is a report of a 78-year-old male with an incomplete immunization history who presented to an emergency department with jaw pain and who was ultimately diagnosed with tetanus. This report highlights the importance of prompt diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of tetanus.

The Incidence of Kaposi Sarcoma Among Injection Drug Users With AIDS in the United States

2004 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 1282-1287 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonnae O Atkinson ◽  
Robert J Biggar ◽  
James J Goedert ◽  
Eric A Engels
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Injection Drug Users ◽  
Drug Users ◽  
Kaposi Sarcoma ◽  
The United States ◽  
Injection Drug

The acceptability of voluntary HIV antibody testing in the United States: a decade of lessons learned

AIDS ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 10 (14) ◽  
pp. 1707-1711 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathleen L. Irwin ◽  
Ronald O. Valdiserri ◽  
Scott D. Holmberg
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Antibody Testing ◽  
Hiv Antibody Testing
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