scholarly journals Human Kallikrein 13 Expression in Normal Tissues: An Immunohistochemical Study

2003 ◽  
Vol 51 (4) ◽  
pp. 493-501 ◽  
Author(s):  
Constantina D. Petraki ◽  
Vassiliki N. Karavana ◽  
Eleftherios P. Diamandis
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Human Tissue ◽  
Leydig Cells ◽  
Human Tissues ◽  
Primordial Follicles ◽  
Normal Tissues ◽  
Trophoblastic Cells ◽  
Endocrine Organs ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Normal Human

The human tissue kallikrein 13 gene (KLK13), encoding for hK13 protein, was recently cloned and characterized. Here we describe the immunohistochemical (IHC) localization of hK13 in normal human tissues and compare it with the expression of two other kallikreins, hK6 and hK10. We performed the streptavidin-biotin IHC method on 204 paraffin blocks from archival, current, and autopsy material prepared from almost every normal human tissue, using a polyclonal and a monoclonal hK13 antibody. The staining was cytoplasmic and both antibodies yielded similar results. The hK13 protein was revealed in a variety of tissues, mainly in glandular epithelia. Other epithelia that expressed hK13 included the urothelium, the spermatic epithelium, and the epithelium of the choroid plexus. hK13 was intensely immunoexpressed by some endocrine organs, such as the adenohypophysis, the thyroid gland, the parathyroid glands, the adrenal medulla, the Leydig cells of the testis, and the cells of the endocrine pancreas. Immunoreactivity was also observed in the primordial follicles, the corpus luteum, and sparse luteinized cells in the stroma of the ovary, the trophoblastic cells of the placenta, the Hassall's corpuscles of the thymus, and chondrocytes. Nerves and ganglia of the peripheral nervous system, and both neurons and glial cells in the central nervous system, were positive. In short, hK13 was expressed by many glandular epithelia, some endocrine organs, and some specialized epithelia and cells. Comparison of these data with hK6 and hK10 expression suggests that the three kallikreins have a similar IHC pattern in normal human tissues.

scholarly journals Expression of c-kit and kit ligand proteins in normal human tissues.

1994 ◽  
Vol 42 (11) ◽  
pp. 1417-1425 ◽  
Author(s):  
A Lammie ◽  
M Drobnjak ◽  
W Gerald ◽  
A Saad ◽  
R Cote ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Regional Distribution ◽  
Cervix Uterus ◽  
Sweat Glands ◽  
Human Tissues ◽  
Mouse Development ◽  
Normal Tissues ◽  
The Central Nervous System

The c-kit receptor and its cognate ligand, KL, play a critical role in melanogenesis, gametogenesis, and hematopoiesis. Studies on the expression of c-kit and KL have been primarily focused on mouse development. We undertook the present study to characterize the pattern of expression of these molecules in normal adult human tissues. Using immunohistochemistry and consecutive tissue sections from the same block, we evaluated a variety of well-preserved normal tissues for c-kit and KL microanatomic distribution. c-kit protein was identified in tissue mast cells, melanocytes, glandular epithelial cells of breast, parotid, dermal sweat, and esophageal glands. Scattered c-kit immunoreactivity was also observed for testicular and ovarian interstitial cells. A striking regional distribution of c-kit was detected in the central nervous system, particularly in the cerebellum, hippocampus, and dorsal horn of the spinal cord. KL protein was identified in cells complementary to staining for the receptor, such as glandular myoepithelium of breast and sweat glands. Intense KL immunoreactivity was observed in smooth muscle cells of the bladder, cervix, uterus, and gastrointestinal tract, as well as in striated and cardiac muscle. Strong KL staining was also detected in prostate fibromuscular stroma cells. In the central nervous system, KL expression was confined to Golgi and Purkinje cells in the cerebellum. These results suggest a role for this receptor and its ligand in the maintenance of a variety of fully differentiated tissues.

scholarly journals Human Kallikrein 10 Expression in Normal Tissues by Immunohistochemistry

2002 ◽  
Vol 50 (9) ◽  
pp. 1247-1261 ◽  
Author(s):  
Constantina D. Petraki ◽  
Vassiliki N. Karavana ◽  
Liu-Ying Luo ◽  
Eleftherios P. Diamandis
Keyword(s):  
Leydig Cells ◽  
Biological Fluids ◽  
Human Tissues ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Normal Tissues ◽  
Tissue Extracts ◽  
Organ Specific ◽  
Normal Human ◽  
Neuroendocrine Organs ◽  
Mouse Antibody

The normal epithelial cell-specific 1 (NES1) gene (official name kallikrein gene 10, KLK10) was recently cloned and encodes for a putative secreted serine protease (human kallikrein 10, hK10). Several studies have confirmed that hK10 shares many similarities with the other kallikrein members at the DNA, mRNA, and protein levels. The enzyme was found in biological fluids, tissue extracts, and serum. Here we report the first detailed immunohistochemical (IHC) localization of hK10 in normal human tissues. We used the streptavidin-biotin method with two hK10-specific antibodies, a polyclonal rabbit and a monoclonal mouse antibody, developed in house. We analyzed 184 paraffin blocks from archival, current, and autopsy material, prepared from almost every normal human tissue. The staining pattern, the distribution of the immunostaining, and its intensity were studied in detail. Previously, we reported the expression of another novel human kallikrein, hK6, by using similar techniques. The IHC expression of hK10 was generally cytoplasmic and not organ-specific. A variety of normal human tissues expressed the protein. Glandular epithelia constituted the main immunoexpression sites, with representative organs being the breast, prostate, kidney, epididymis, endometrium, fallopian tubes, gastrointestinal tract, bronchus, salivary glands, bile ducts, and gallbladder. The choroid plexus epithelium, the peripheral nerves, and some neuroendocrine organs (including the islets of Langerhans, cells of the adenohypophysis, the adrenal medulla, and Leydig cells) expressed the protein strongly and diffusely. The spermatic epithelium of the testis expressed the protein moderately. A characteristic immunostaining was observed in Hassall's corpuscles of the thymus, oxyphilic cells of the thyroid and parathyroid glands, and chondrocytes. Comparing these results with those of hK6, we observed that both kallikreins had a similar IHC expression pattern.

Long-lived human tissue-resident macrophages in the central nervous system

2016 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 286-287
Author(s):  
Kazuya Takahashi ◽  
Yumiko Kakuda ◽  
Saori Munemoto ◽  
Hirohito Yamazaki ◽  
Ichiro Nozaki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Human Tissue ◽  
The Central Nervous System

scholarly journals CLONAL GROWTH IN VITRO OF EPITHELIAL CELLS FROM NORMAL HUMAN TISSUES

1956 ◽  
Vol 104 (4) ◽  
pp. 615-628 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip I. Marcus ◽  
Steven J. Cieciura ◽  
Theodore T. Puck
Keyword(s):  
Hela Cell ◽  
Single Cells ◽  
Cross Sectional Area ◽  
Plating Efficiency ◽  
Human Tissues ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Nutrient Media ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Normal Tissues ◽  
Normal Human

Tissue culture strains of cells from four different normal human tissues—liver, conjunctiva, kidney, and appendix—have been grown by the plating procedure previously developed for the HeLa strain of cervical carcinoma cells. This technique results in colony formation from isolated single cells, in a manner completely analogous to the plating of bacteria in semisolid nutrient media. Clonal cell strains have been isolated from each cell type. All behaved exactly alike in all properties studied except that some differences in plating efficiency were displayed in some of the growth media employed. The cells from normal human tissues resembled the HeLa S3 carcinomatous cell in the following properties:— (a) Single cells displayed a plating efficiency close to 100 per cent in an appropriate medium. (b) They all grew as an epithelial sheet on glass, the cells being closely packed and polygonal in shape. (c) They had mean generation times of 20 to 23 hours in the nutrient media employed, (d) The mitotic frequency was constant, and therefore the duration of mitosis was the same for all the strains studied, (e) The incidence of multinuclearity and giant formation was very low and similar in both types of cells. (f) Both classes of cells had the same total volume, and the same nuclear cross-sectional area. (g) Both also showed a tendency to spread more in the presence of human serum (concentration of 20 per cent or more) than in porcine serum. However, this differential morphological response was much more marked in the HeLa cell than in those from normal tissues. The only difference noted in the behavior of these two groups of cells lay in the tendency of the cells from normal tissues always to exhibit a greater cross-sectional area when spread on glass than the HeLa cell in the same medium. The frequency of occurrence of different types of multinuclearity in the HeLa cell and cells from normal tissues has been measured. The data suggest that multinuclearity depends on two factors: a necessary, predisposing state in the cell, and a random, independent event causing the appearance of an additional nucleus in such a prepared cell.

scholarly journals Immunohistochemical localization of carbonyl reductase in human tissues.

1992 ◽  
Vol 40 (12) ◽  
pp. 1857-1863 ◽  
Author(s):  
H Wirth ◽  
B Wermuth
Keyword(s):  
Carbonyl Compounds ◽  
Anterior Lobe ◽  
Immunohistochemical Localization ◽  
Carbonyl Reductase ◽  
Proximal Tubules ◽  
Human Tissues ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Normal Human ◽  
Reactive Carbonyl Compounds ◽  
Parenchymal Cells

Carbonyl reductase, an NADPH-dependent oxidoreductase of broad specificity, is present in many human tissues. Its precise localization, however, has remained unclear, as well as its physiological and possible pathophysiological significance. The present study reports the immunohistochemical localization of the enzyme in normal human tissues. Immunostaining was detectable in all organs investigated. The highest concentrations were found in the parenchymal cells of the liver, the epithelial cells of the stomach and small intestine, the epidermis, the proximal tubules of the kidney, neuronal and glial cells of the central nervous system, and certain cells of the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland. Consistently pronounced staining was also observed in smooth muscle fibers and the endothelium of blood vessels. The results are in agreement with a housekeeping function of carbonyl reductase in the elimination of reactive carbonyl compounds.

Chemotherapy-Induced Peripheral Neurotoxicity in Cancer Survivors: An Underdiagnosed Clinical Entity?

2015 ◽  
pp. e553-e560 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guido Cavaletti ◽  
Paola Alberti ◽  
Paola Marmiroli
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Daily Life ◽  
Peripheral Neurotoxicity ◽  
Anticancer Chemotherapy ◽  
Neurologic Dysfunction ◽  
Daily Life Activities ◽  
Normal Tissues ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
High Level

Systemic chemotherapy is a cornerstone of the modern medical management of cancer, although its use is limited by toxicity on normal tissues and organs, including the nervous system. Long-surviving or cured people strongly require a high level of wellness in addition to prolongation of life (the concept of the quality of survival), but neurologic dysfunction can severely affect daily life activities. Chemotherapy-related peripheral neurotoxicity is becoming one of the most worrisome long-term side effects in patients affected by a neoplasm. The central nervous system has a limited capacity to recover from injuries, and it is not surprising that severe damage can determine long-term or permanent neurologic dysfunction. However, the peripheral nervous system also can be permanently damaged by anticancer treatments despite its better regeneration capacities, and the effect on patients' daily life activities might be extremely severe. However, only recently, the paradigms of peripheral neurotoxicity reversibility have been scientifically challenged, and studies have been performed to capture the patients' perspectives on this issue and to measure the effect of peripheral neurotoxicity on their daily life activities. Despite these efforts, knowledge about this problem is still largely incomplete, and further studies are necessary to clarify the several still-unsettled aspects of long-term peripheral neurotoxicity of conventional and targeted anticancer chemotherapy.

scholarly journals Gastrointestinal manifestations of mitochondrial disorders: a systematic review

2016 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 142-154 ◽  
Author(s):  
Josef Finsterer ◽  
Marlies Frank
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Mitochondrial Disorders ◽  
Pancreatic Cysts ◽  
Pneumatosis Coli ◽  
Abdominal Abscesses ◽  
Causal Therapy ◽  
Endocrine Organs ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Chain Defects ◽  
Diagnostic Work

Mitochondrial disorders (MIDs) due to respiratory-chain defects or nonrespiratory chain defects are usually multisystem conditions [mitochondrial multiorgan disorder syndrome (MIMODS)] affecting the central nervous system (CNS), peripheral nervous system, eyes, ears, endocrine organs, heart, kidneys, bone marrow, lungs, arteries, and also the intestinal tract. Frequent gastrointestinal (GI) manifestations of MIDs include poor appetite, gastroesophageal sphincter dysfunction, constipation, dysphagia, vomiting, gastroparesis, GI pseudo-obstruction, diarrhea, or pancreatitis and hepatopathy. Rare GI manifestations of MIDs include dry mouth, paradontosis, tracheoesophageal fistula, stenosis of the duodeno-jejunal junction, atresia or imperforate anus, liver cysts, pancreas lipomatosis, pancreatic cysts, congenital stenosis or obstruction of the GI tract, recurrent bowel perforations with intra-abdominal abscesses, postprandial abdominal pain, diverticulosis, or pneumatosis coli. Diagnosing GI involvement in MIDs is not at variance from diagnosing GI disorders due to other causes. Treatment of mitochondrial GI disease includes noninvasive or invasive measures. Therapy is usually symptomatic. Only for myo-neuro-gastro-intestinal encephalopathy is a causal therapy with autologous stem-cell transplantation available. It is concluded that GI manifestations of MIDs are more widespread than so far anticipated and that they must be recognized as early as possible to initiate appropriate diagnostic work-up and avoid any mitochondrion-toxic treatment.

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