Stereotypes About Vocational Programming for Female Inmates

Some criminologists have argued that vocational programs for female inmates continue to emphasize and to reinforce traditional sex-role stereotypes. These stereotypes are a form of social control if they result in limiting women to a narrow range of behaviors and roles. There is, however, a paucity of research that clearly focuses on who stereotypes whom as well as how these stereotypes affect behavior. This lack of understanding makes it difficult to assess how stereotypes affect correctional programming and practices. This exploratory study examined stereotypes pertaining to vocational programming for female inmates. Attitudes relevant to vocational programming for female inmates were compared between four groups: (a) female inmates, (b) peer counselors, (c) correctional officers, and (d) prison program staff. Group membership was significantly related to two of the attitudinal measures. Behavioral measures hypothesized to be related to these attitudes were also measured (i.e., the likelihood to perform certain acts rather than actual or overt behaviors). Additional analyses examined the relation between attitudes and behavioral intentions.

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Verbal and Nonverbal Behavior in Single-Sex and Mixed-Sex Groups: Are Traditional Sex Roles Changing?

Psychological Reports ◽

10.2466/pr0.1982.51.1.127 ◽

1982 ◽

Vol 51 (1) ◽

pp. 127-134 ◽

Cited By ~ 49

Author(s):

Elizabeth Joan Aries

Keyword(s):

Sex Role ◽

Behavioral Measures ◽

Work Settings ◽

Interaction Styles ◽

Sex Role Stereotypes ◽

Single Sex ◽

Task Behavior ◽

Behavioral Interaction ◽

Mixed Groups ◽

Consensus Decision

The study examines the degree to which traditional sex differences in behavioral interaction in groups obtain even in a sample of very bright, career-oriented men and women who are similar in respect to a variety of personality attributes and personal aspirations. 21 experimental groups were studied, 7 all-male, 6 all-female, and 8 mixed-sex groups. Groups were composed of 5 or 6 members. Each group had 40 min. to discuss an ethical dilemma and come to a consensus decision. The data indicated that, while rates of interaction departed from traditional sex-role stereotypes, with females dominating the mixed groups verbally, interaction styles and nonverbal postures remained sex-role stereotypic. Males devoted a greater proportion of their interaction to task behavior, i.e., giving opinions, suggestions, and information, and the females to reactions, i.e., agreements and disagreements. Males exceeded females in displays of nonverbal postures associated with dominance. Most behavioral measures were not affected by the sex composition of the group. Implications of these findings for work settings are discussed.

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The Influence of Sex-Role Stereotypes and Sex Typing on Performance Evaluations

PsycEXTRA Dataset ◽

10.1037/e518572013-374 ◽

2006 ◽

Author(s):

Jay M. Dorio

Keyword(s):

Sex Role ◽

Performance Evaluations ◽

Sex Typing ◽

Sex Role Stereotypes

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Sex-Role Stereotypes and Public Assistance

Social Service Review ◽

10.1086/643705 ◽

1979 ◽

Vol 53 (1) ◽

pp. 106-115 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Phyllis J. Day

Keyword(s):

Sex Role ◽

Public Assistance ◽

Sex Role Stereotypes

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Preferences for Rape Reduction Strategies

Psychology of Women Quarterly ◽

10.1111/j.1471-6402.1983.tb00845.x ◽

1983 ◽

Vol 7 (4) ◽

pp. 301-312 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Judith E. Krulewitz ◽

Arnold S. Kahn

Keyword(s):

Sex Role ◽

Aggressive Treatment ◽

Perceived Effectiveness ◽

Sex Role Stereotypes ◽

Passive Behavior ◽

Reduction Strategies ◽

Subject Variables ◽

Action Strategies ◽

Strategy Variables ◽

Feminist Attitudes

The present study examined the effects of two subject variables (sex of subject and feminist attitudes) and two strategy variables (strategy aggressiveness and locus of responsibility for change) on the perceived effectiveness and desirability of four rape reduction strategies. Fifty-three females and 36 males served as subjects in a 24 factorial design. Although women rated all strategies as more effective and desirable than did men, attitude toward sex roles was a more pervasive determinants of patterns of perceived effectiveness and desirability than was subject sex. Generally, aggressive strategies were rated as more effective than nonaggressive strategies, and strategies placing the locus of responsibility for change on women were considered more effective than strategies requiring men and society to take action. Strategies that were consistent with sex-role stereotypes (women avoiding rape by passive behavior and men and society fighting rape by aggressive treatment of rapists) were seen as more effective than nonstereotypic strategies. Profeminists found the nonstereotypic strategies to be more desirable, however, and they also rated as relatively more desirable those strategies that placed responsibility for change on men and society. The results are discussed in terms of the importance of sex-role attitudes rather than subject sex differences in reducing rape.

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Effects of Sex-Role Stereotypes and Androgynous Alternatives on Mental Health Judgments of Psychotherapists

Psychological Reports ◽

10.2466/pr0.1984.54.2.475 ◽

1984 ◽

Vol 54 (2) ◽

pp. 475-481 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Elizabeth V. Swenson ◽

Ruth Ragucci

Keyword(s):

Mental Health ◽

Mental Health Professionals ◽

Health Professionals ◽

Sex Role ◽

Healthy Person ◽

Inventory Analysis ◽

Bem Sex Role Inventory ◽

Sex Role Stereotyping ◽

Sex Role Stereotypes ◽

The Relationship

Research and theoretical notions on the relationship between mental health and androgyny have yielded contradictory statements. In the present study 42 practicing psychotherapists were asked to rate the mentally healthy person (sex unspecified), man, and woman on the Bem Sex-role Inventory. Analysis showed that masculine was the preferred category for the person, with androgynous more often used to describe the man and undifferentiated, the woman. Male and female ratees differed significantly in masculinity and femininity in the expected direction with the person midway between. Sex-role stereotyping remains prevalent among mental health professionals.

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Emotional experience in individual and cooperative traditional games. A gender perspective.

Anales de Psicología ◽

10.6018/analesps.33.3.260811 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 33 (3) ◽

pp. 538 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Pere Lavega ◽

Unai Sáez-de-Ocáriz ◽

Francisco Lagardera ◽

Jaume March-Llanes ◽

Nuria Puig

Keyword(s):

Gender Stereotypes ◽

Positive Emotions ◽

Action Theory ◽

Sex Role ◽

Emotional Experience ◽

Well Being ◽

Physical Education Teachers ◽

Motor Action ◽

Sex Role Stereotypes ◽

And Gender

This study explored the effect of gender (GE) and group gender composition (GGEC) on men’s and women’s experiences of emotions when taking part in different games. To formulate our hypotheses we used a theoretical framework formed by the theories of Lazarus and Bisquerra on the construct of emotional competence and well-being and their relationship with gender stereotypes, Parlebas’s motor action theory and previous results of empirical research related to games, emotions and gender relations. The participants (218 university students, Mage = 20.3, sd = 2.73) completed twelve sessions of individual games (IG) and cooperative games (CG). The results showed that GE and GGEC were predictors of the experience of positive emotions and that males were more likely to experience negative emotions in both games. The findings highlight gender differences and could help physical education teachers to avoid activities that reinforce the hierarchies and inequalities associated with gender and sex role stereotypes.

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