Does the Effect of Stereotypes in Older People Depend Upon Task Intensity?

2021 ◽  
pp. 016402752110206
Author(s):  
Maxime Deshayes ◽  
Raphaël Zory ◽  
Rémi Radel ◽  
Corentin Clément-Guillotin
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Stereotype Threat ◽  
Older Women ◽  
Task Difficulty ◽  
Negative Stereotypes ◽  
Perceived Effort ◽  
Stereotype Threat Theory ◽  
Threat Theory ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Muscular Effort

This study examined the effect of negative and positive stereotypes on the strength produced by older adults at different perceived effort intensities, reflecting different levels of task difficulty. Fifty older women were randomly assigned to a positive stereotype, a negative stereotype, or a control condition. Before (T1) and after (T2) the stereotype manipulation, they were asked to perform a voluntary isometric contraction at a level of muscular effort that corresponded to four perceived effort intensities (“easy,” “moderate,” hard” and “very hard”). Results showed that participants attained greater strength during the easy and hard tasks after exposure to both positive and negative stereotypes. At the moderate and very hard intensities, stereotype induction did not significantly change the strength from the baseline performance. While these results are not fully in line with the stereotype threat theory, they provide evidence that task difficulty could modulate the effect of aging stereotypes during physical tasks.

scholarly journals The uniformity of stereotype threat: Analyzing the moderating effects of premeasured performance

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Helena Stoevenbelt ◽  
Paulette Carien Flore ◽  
Inga Schwabe ◽  
Jelte M. Wicherts
Keyword(s):  
Stereotype Threat ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Cognitive Tests ◽  
Moderating Effects ◽  
Negative Stereotypes ◽  
Sat Scores ◽  
Domain Identification ◽  
Stereotype Threat Theory ◽  
Performance Results ◽  
Threat Theory

Stereotype threat theory states that female and minority test-takers underperform on cognitive tests because they experience pressure by negative stereotypes about their group’s performance. The theory implicates larger effects for test-takers who strongly identify with an academic domain, and for whom the test is most difficult. These moderators could create treatment-by-covariate interactions when authors included premeasured performance (e.g., SAT scores) as covariate, as is common practice in stereotype threat research. In this preregistered Bayesian meta-analysis, we use raw data from 31 stereotype threat studies involving 3357 negatively stereotyped participants to check whether stereotype threat effects are moderated by premeasured performance. Results yield evidence for no moderation. Correlations between the premeasured performance and test scores are similar across conditions, indicating uniformity of stereotype threat with respect to premeasured performance. This suggests that domain identification or test difficulty as both operationalized by premeasured performance fail to moderate stereotype threat effects.

Testing Stereotype Threat Theory Predictions for Math Majors by Gender

2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shonna D. Waters ◽  
Michael J. Cullen ◽  
Paul R. Sackett
Keyword(s):  
Stereotype Threat ◽  
Stereotype Threat Theory ◽  
Threat Theory

scholarly journals AGE-BASED STEREOTYPE THREAT: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF PRIMING TECHNIQUES AND THEIR EFFECTS

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S455-S456
Author(s):  
Francesco Vailati Riboni ◽  
Francesco Pagnini
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Older Adults ◽  
Stereotype Threat ◽  
Functional Performance ◽  
Later Life ◽  
Experimental Methods ◽  
Experimental Manipulation ◽  
Older Individuals ◽  
Negative Stereotypes ◽  
Age Related

Abstract Age-based stereotype threat (ABST) occurs when older adults are influenced by negative stereotypes about age-related decline and functional losses and ironically behave in disengaging and self-defeating ways that confirm the stereotype (Steele & Aronson, 1995). Aging stereotypes are found to be strong predictors of health and illness outcomes in later life, and are associated with performance in specific areas, mainly in cognitive and physical domains. The current study reviewed the experimental methods and their reported effects previously published in the literature to determine if there were different ABST methods were associated with different types of age-related outcomes. We conducted a systematic review, screening the scientific literature for papers that included experimental manipulation of age-related stereotypes as an independent variable, focusing on samples of older adults (1113 articles, most published after 2003). Through a classification of the common and distinctive characteristics of the different stereotype manipulation techniques, we were able to identify three specific types of experimental methods: by instruction, tests, and interpersonal exposure. Although the mechanism by which stereotypes are associated with functional outcomes in older adults remains unclear, our review suggests it is possible to experimentally control the activation of the stereotype by manipulating its specific characteristics and the way older participants are exposed to it. Findings also highlight the possibility that specific experimental methods used to induce ABST in older individuals may lead to unique and different consequences on functional performance variation.

scholarly journals Women on the edge of a breakthrough? A stereotype threat theory of women’s angel investing

2020 ◽  
Vol 38 (8) ◽  
pp. 768-797
Author(s):  
Richard T Harrison ◽  
Tiago Botelho ◽  
Colin M Mason
Keyword(s):  
Stereotype Threat ◽  
Active Involvement ◽  
Stereotype Threat Theory ◽  
Angel Investing ◽  
Mixed Networks ◽  
Angel Investment ◽  
Training Programmes ◽  
And Training ◽  
Threat Theory ◽  
Research And Policy

The extent to which women participate in the angel investment market has become an important topic of research and policy interest. Based on UK survey data, we demonstrate that there are systematic but not unequivocal differences between women and men investors on a number of key investor and investment characteristics. We also report indicative evidence that members of women-only networks do differ from women who join mixed networks. Drawing on these results, we develop a stereotype threat theory perspective on women’s angel investing which highlights the cues, consequences, outcomes and responses to stereotype threat. Specifically, we theorise that stereotype threat influences women’s widely reported lower participation in the angel investment market. In addition, stereotype threat theory helps explain both women’s overall active involvement in the angel investment market and their participation in women-only investor networks. We conclude that there is a case for women-only angel networks and training programmes to mitigate the performance and participation consequences of stereotype threat.

Stereotype threat as a psychological feature of work–life conflict

2017 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 302-320
Author(s):  
Andrea L. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Stereotype Threat ◽  
Family Caregiving ◽  
Work Productivity ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Work Life ◽  
Stereotype Threat Theory ◽  
The Family ◽  
The Life Course ◽  
Threat Theory ◽  
Work Life Conflict

Much remains unknown about the boundary conditions of stereotype threat and the factors that influence how it manifests in various domains. In particular, non-performance-related responses to stereotype threat have been relatively neglected, and little is known about stereotype threats in domains where group membership is less stable over the life course. Using both correlational and experimental methods, these studies use the work–life conflict domain to contribute to stereotype threat theory along these dimensions. Studies 1 and 2 demonstrated that stereotype threat based on caregiver status predicts increased use of coping strategies that involve sacrifices in work productivity, family caregiving, and personal well-being. Studies 1 through 3 suggest that formal flexibility accommodation policies (such as the Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993) may not be an effective intervention in stereotype threat in the work–life conflict domain; providing informal social cues of support for employees with caregiving responsibilities, however, may be effective.

scholarly journals Stereotype Threat in Black College Students Across Many Operationalizations

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick S. Forscher ◽  
Valerie Jones Taylor ◽  
Daniel Cavagnaro ◽  
Neil Anthony Lewis ◽  
Erin Michelle Buchanan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stereotype Threat ◽  
The United States ◽  
Black College ◽  
Small Samples ◽  
Black College Students ◽  
Negative Group ◽  
Student Sample ◽  
Stereotype Threat Theory ◽  
Practical Implications ◽  
Threat Theory

According to stereotype threat theory, the possibility of confirming a negative group stereotype evokes feelings of threat, leading people to underperform in domains where they are stereotyped as lacking ability. This theory has immense theoretical and practical implications. However, many studies supporting it include small samples and varying operational definitions of “stereotype threat”. We address the first challenge by leveraging a network of psychology labs to recruit a large Black student sample (Nanticipated = 2700) from multiple US sites (Nanticipated = 27). We address the second challenge by identifying three threat-increasing and three threat-decreasing procedures that could plausibly affect performance and use an adaptive Bayesian design to determine which operationalization yields the strongest evidence for underperformance. This project should advance our knowledge of a scientifically and socially important topic: the conditions under which stereotype threat affects performance among current Black students in the United States.

scholarly journals Effects of age and task difficulty on postural sway, variability and complexity

2020 ◽  
pp. 105971232096397
Author(s):  
Mohsen Shafizadeh ◽  
Shahab Parvinpour ◽  
Marzie Balali ◽  
Mohsen Shabani
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Task Difficulty ◽  
Postural Sway ◽  
Linear Trend ◽  
Force Plate ◽  
Control Mechanisms ◽  
Dependent Variables ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Physical Challenges ◽  
Different Levels

This study aimed to examine the effects of age and the task difficulty on postural sway, variability and complexity. The participants were 90 able-bodied individuals including children ( n = 39; age: 5.89 ± 0.94 years), young adults ( n = 30; age: 23.23 ± 1.61 years) and older adults ( n = 21; age: 64.59 ± 5.24 years) who took part in different balance tasks that had different levels of cognitive and physical challenges. The main dependent variables were postural sway area, postural variability and postural complexity. The participants stood on a standard force plate for 10 s in each task condition, and the centre of pressure displacement was collected at 100-Hz sampling frequency. The results of this study showed that children and older adults, in the more difficult tasks, had greater sway area and complexity and less postural variability. In addition, there was a linear trend in the stability measures as the difficulty of the task was increased. In conclusion, special populations, such as children and older adults, were more sensitive to the balance changes and used active control mechanisms to minimise the risk of losing balance in more challenging conditions.

scholarly journals The effects of stereotype threat on older adults’ walking performance as a function of task difficulty and resource evaluations.

2020 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 250-266 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah J. Barber ◽  
Kate Hamel ◽  
Carl Ketcham ◽  
Kristy Lui ◽  
Natalie Taylor-Ketcham
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Stereotype Threat ◽  
Task Difficulty ◽  
Walking Performance
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