scholarly journals Components of effortful control and their relations to children’s shyness

2016 ◽  
Vol 40 (6) ◽  
pp. 544-554 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalie D Eggum-Wilkens ◽  
Ray E Reichenberg ◽  
Nancy Eisenberg ◽  
Tracy L Spinrad
Keyword(s):  
Inhibitory Control ◽  
Effortful Control ◽  
Growth Models ◽  
Attention Shifting ◽  
The Future ◽  
Low Levels

Relations between children’s ( n = 213) mother-reported effortful control components (attention focusing, attention shifting, inhibitory control at 42 months; activational control at 72 months) and mother-reported shyness trajectories across 42, 54, 72, and 84 months of age were examined. In growth models, shyness decreased. Inhibitory control and attention shifting predicted higher levels and lower levels of shyness at 42 months (the intercept), respectively. Inhibitory control negatively, and attention shifting positively, predicted the shyness slope. Children with higher inhibitory control had relatively more rapid decreases in shyness. Children with higher attention shifting had relatively slower decreases in shyness. Activational control was negatively correlated with the shyness intercept. Effortful control components should be examined separately, rather than in combination, in relation to shyness in the future. If results are replicated, it may suggest that fostering attention shifting and activational control development helps prevent, or maintain low levels of, shyness during childhood.

scholarly journals Growth Models of Positive Caregiving Behaviours and Concurrent Autonomic 
Activity in Caregivers and Children during a Challenging Puzzle Task: Replication and Extension

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heidi Barkman ◽  
Ashley Allan ◽  
Marlee Salsbury ◽  
Erik L Knight ◽  
Christina Karns ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Parasympathetic Nervous System ◽  
Dynamic Range ◽  
Growth Models ◽  
Multilevel Modelling ◽  
Emotional Expressions ◽  
Parasympathetic Nervous System Activity ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Positive Caregiving ◽  
Puzzle Task

Caregivers exhibiting low levels of positive caregiving tend to have reduced dynamic range in high- frequency heart rate variability (HRV), an index of parasympathetic nervous system activity. Yet less is known about the involvement of the sympathetic nervous system, which may impact the plausible range of parasympathetic reactivity. Here, caregiver–child dyads completed resting assessments of HRV and pre-ejection period (PEP), followed by a videotaped puzzle task during which HRV was measured and observers coded the degree of caregivers’ positive emotionality. Multilevel modelling was employed to characterize task fluctuations in HRV as a function of resting PEP and caregivers’ positive emotional expressions. Higher frequency of caregiver positivity was associated with greater HRV reactivity in caregivers but not children. Increased caregiver positivity was correlated with longer resting PEP in children. These results replicate findings of greater caregiver parasympathetic flexibility during positive caregiving and extend those findings to children’s resting sympathetic activity.

scholarly journals Temperamental Constellations and School Readiness: A MultiVariate Approach

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 55
Author(s):  
Andrew S. White ◽  
Kate M. Sirota ◽  
Scott R. Frohn ◽  
Sara E. Swenson ◽  
Kathleen Moritz Rudasill
Keyword(s):  
Longitudinal Study ◽  
School Readiness ◽  
High Activity ◽  
Youth Development ◽  
Inhibitory Control ◽  
Effortful Control ◽  
Peer Interactions ◽  
Academic Readiness ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Early Child Care

This study uses canonical correlation analyses to explore the relationship between multiple predictors of school readiness (i.e., academic readiness, social readiness, and teacher-child relationship) and multiple temperamental traits using data from the second wave (age 54 months, n = 1226) of the longitudinal Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development (SECCYD; NICHD ECCRN 1993). This longitudinal study collected data on a large cohort of children and their families from birth through age 15. For academic readiness, only one temperamental constellation emerged, representing the construct of effortful control (i.e., high attentional focusing, high inhibitory control). For peer interactions, two significant constellations emerged: “dysregulated” (low inhibitory control, low shyness, and high activity), and “withdrawn” (high shyness, low inhibitory control, low attentional focusing). Finally, the analyses exploring child-teacher relationships revealed two significant constellations: “highly surgent” (high activity, low inhibitory control, low shyness) and “emotionally controlled” (low anger/frustration and high inhibitory control). Results of this study form a more nuanced exploration of relationships between temperamental traits and indicators of school readiness than can be found in the extant literature, and will provide the groundwork for future research to test specific hypotheses related to the effect temperamental constellations have on children’s school readiness.

scholarly journals Children’s sleep and academic achievement

2016 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 275-284 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anjolii Diaz ◽  
Rebecca Berger ◽  
Carlos Valiente ◽  
Nancy Eisenberg ◽  
Sarah K. VanSchyndel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Academic Achievement ◽  
Effortful Control ◽  
Poor Sleep ◽  
Academic Risk ◽  
Computer Based ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Standardized Measure ◽  
Children’S Sleep ◽  
Moderating Role

Poor sleep is thought to interfere with children’s learning and academic achievement (AA). However, existing research and theory indicate there are factors that may mitigate the academic risk associated with poor sleep. The purpose of this study was to examine the moderating role of children’s effortful control (EC) on the relation between sleep and AA in young children. One hundred and three 4.5- to 7-year-olds (M = 5.98 years, SD = 0.61) wore a wrist-based actigraph for five continuous weekday nights. Teachers and coders reported on children’s EC. EC was also assessed with a computer-based task at school. Additionally, we obtained a standardized measure of children’s AA. There was a positive main effect of sleep efficiency to AA. Several relations between sleep and AA were moderated by EC and examination of the simple slopes indicated that the negative relation between sleep and AA was only significant at low levels of EC.

scholarly journals The neural correlates of temperamental inhibitory control in toddlers

2018 ◽  
Vol 373 (1744) ◽  
pp. 20170160 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caroline P. Hoyniak ◽  
Isaac T. Petersen ◽  
John E. Bates ◽  
Dennis L. Molfese
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Inhibitory Control ◽  
Effortful Control ◽  
Self Regulation ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Neural Correlates ◽  
Event Related Potential ◽  
Theme Issue ◽  
Control Dimension

The current study examined the association between effortful control and a well-studied neural index of self-regulation, the N2 event-related potential (ERP) component, in toddlers. Participants included 107 toddlers (44 girls) assessed at 30, 36 and 42 months of age. Participants completed a Go/NoGo task while electroencephalography data were recorded. The study focused on the N2 ERP component. Parent-reported effortful control was examined in association with the NoGo N2 ERP component. Findings suggest a positive association between the NoGo N2 component and the inhibitory control subscale of the wider effortful control dimension, suggesting that the N2 component may index processes associated with temperamental effortful control. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Diverse perspectives on diversity: multi-disciplinary approaches to taxonomies of individual differences’.

Modeling the Growth of Black Soldier Fly Hermetia illucens (Diptera: Stratiomyidae): An Approach to Evaluate Diet Quality

2019 ◽  
Vol 113 (2) ◽  
pp. 742-751 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuwatida Sripontan ◽  
Chun-I Chiu ◽  
Soisunee Tanansathaporn ◽  
Kittiya Leasen ◽  
Kuntida Manlong
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Diet Quality ◽  
Growth Models ◽  
Dietary Factors ◽  
Daily Growth ◽  
Black Soldier Fly ◽  
Hermetia Illucens ◽  
Richards Model ◽  
Absolute Growth ◽  
Low Levels

Abstract The black soldier fly (BSF, Hermetia illucens (Linnaeus), Diptera: Stratiomyidae) is an edible insect widely reared by using various types of organic wastes as its diet. Developing tools to evaluate the growth performance of BSF is crucial for improving its production. In this study, we monitored the daily growth of BSF larvae reared with 10 diets with diverse nutritional quality and compared 7 growth models for quantifying growth performance. We found that BSF generally exhibited an S-shaped growth curve and that the Richards model was the best-fitting growth model. We estimated asymptotic growth limit (W∞) and constructed a time-series curve of absolute growth rate (AGR) by using the Richards model. We used Gaussian functions to estimate AGR parameters (maximum AGR, m; timing of maximum AGR, T; the deviation of AGR, d) to evaluate whether these parameters adequately quantify the growth performance of BSF. Correlation analysis showed that the AGR parameters were mostly independent of W∞ but were correlated with the duration of the larval stage, indicating that W∞ and the AGR parameters respond to different dietary factors. The results of pairwise comparisons showed that the diets rich in carbohydrates and protein had high W∞, m, and d, and early T. The diets with low levels of carbohydrates had low W∞, and the diets with low levels of protein had low m and d and delayed T. We conclude that the parameters estimated by the Richards model could be effective indices for evaluating the growth performance of BSF and their diet quality.

scholarly journals Temperament as a Predictor of Nitrous Oxide Inhalation Sedation Success

2017 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Travis M. Nelson ◽  
Thomas M. Griffith ◽  
Katherine J. Lane ◽  
Sarat Thikkurissy ◽  
JoAnna M. Scott
Keyword(s):  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
Inhibitory Control ◽  
Dental Care ◽  
Effortful Control ◽  
Dental Treatment ◽  
Short Form ◽  
Child Temperament ◽  
Health Insurance Status ◽  
Inhalation Sedation ◽  
Significant Difference

Little is known about implications of temperament for children who receive nitrous oxide inhalation sedation (N2O/O2) for dental care. The aim of this study was to investigate whether child temperament is associated with success in N2O/O2. Child-caregiver dyads were enrolled from patients aged 36–95 months receiving dental care with N2O/O2 at a university-based pediatric dental clinic. To assess child temperament, 48 caregivers completed the Children's Behavior Questionnaire Short Form. Patient behavior was abstracted from Frankl scores recorded in the patient's chart. The overall behavioral failure rate was 15% (n = 7/48). There was no significant difference in sedation outcome associated with sex, health, insurance status, or complexity of treatment provided. Sedation outcome was significantly associated with the broad temperament domain of Effortful Control and its subscales Attentional Focusing and Inhibitory Control. The Negative Affectivity subscales of Frustration, Sadness, and Soothability and the Extraversion/Surgency subscales Activity and Impulsivity were also significantly associated with sedation outcome. The results of this study suggest that Effortful Control is associated with behavior during dental treatment with N2O/O2. The subscales of Attention Focusing, Inhibitory Control, Frustration, Fear, Sadness, Soothability, Activity, and Impulsivity may also be important determinants of child behavior during dental treatment.

scholarly journals Trajectories of child externalizing problems between ages 3 and 10 years: Contributions of children's early effortful control, theory of mind, and parenting experiences

2017 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 1333-1351 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sheryl L. Olson ◽  
Daniel Ewon Choe ◽  
Arnold J. Sameroff
Keyword(s):  
Theory Of Mind ◽  
Problem Behavior ◽  
Corporal Punishment ◽  
Externalizing Behavior ◽  
Externalizing Problems ◽  
Effortful Control ◽  
School Age ◽  
Maternal Warmth ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Child Externalizing

AbstractPreventing problem behavior requires an understanding of earlier factors that are amenable to intervention. The main goals of our prospective longitudinal study were to trace trajectories of child externalizing behavior between ages 3 and 10 years, and to identify patterns of developmentally significant child and parenting risk factors that differentiated pathways of problem behavior. Participants were 218 3-year-old boys and girls who were reassessed following the transition to kindergarten (age 5–6 years) and during the late school-age years (age 10). Mothers contributed ratings of children's externalizing behavior at all three time points. Children's self-regulation abilities and theory of mind were assessed during a laboratory visit, and parenting risk (frequent corporal punishment and low maternal warmth) was assessed using interview-based and questionnaire measures. Four developmental trajectories of externalizing behavior yielded the best balance of parsimony and fit with our longitudinal data and latent class growth analysis. Most young children followed a pathway marked by relatively low levels of symptoms that continued to decrease across the school-age years. Atypical trajectories marked chronically high, increasing, and decreasing levels of externalizing problems across early and middle childhood. Three-year-old children with low levels of effortful control were far more likely to show the chronic pattern of elevated externalizing problems than changing or low patterns. Early parental corporal punishment and maternal warmth, respectively, differentiated preschoolers who showed increasing and decreasing patterns of problem behavior compared to the majority of children. The fact that children's poor effortful regulation skills predicted chronic early onset problems reinforces the need for early childhood screening and intervention services.

scholarly journals Erratum to: Behavioral Inhibition and Anxiety: The Moderating Roles of Inhibitory Control and Attention Shifting

2012 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 177-177
Author(s):  
Lauren K. White ◽  
Jennifer Martin McDermott ◽  
Kathryn A. Degnan ◽  
Heather A. Henderson ◽  
Nathan A. Fox
Keyword(s):  
Inhibitory Control ◽  
Behavioral Inhibition ◽  
Attention Shifting

scholarly journals Forest Stand Growth Models: What For?

1985 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen J. Titus ◽  
Robert T. Morton
Keyword(s):  
Growth Models ◽  
Forest Stand ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Effective Management ◽  
Management Planning ◽  
Computing Power ◽  
Stand Growth ◽  
The Future ◽  
Decision Making Processes ◽  
Growth And Yield Models

Until very recently foresters have relied on infrequent inventories to provide static descriptions of large forest areas for management planning. With the quantum increases in computing power, the massing of forestry data, and the increasing pressure for effective management planning, it is becoming necessary to view the forest as dynamic, and subject to manipulation for management purposes. Prediction of changes to forest structure and yield must be made to update old data and project stands into the future. This paper reviews the current sources of literature on growth and yield, discusses basic types and components of growth models, and gives some examples of important uses for growth and yield models. The future will see increased use of computers for analysis of forestry data including even more sophisticated growth and yield models linked to both inventory and decision making processes.

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