The Validity of the Higher‐Order Structure of Effortful Control as Defined by Inhibitory Control, Attention Shifting, and Focusing: A Longitudinal and Multi‐Informant Study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guido Alessandri ◽  
Enrico Perinelli ◽  
Lorenzo Filosa ◽  
Nancy Eisenberg ◽  
Carlos Valiente
Keyword(s):  
Inhibitory Control ◽  
Effortful Control ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
Order Structure ◽  
Attention Shifting

scholarly journals Components of effortful control and their relations to children’s shyness

2016 ◽  
Vol 40 (6) ◽  
pp. 544-554 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalie D Eggum-Wilkens ◽  
Ray E Reichenberg ◽  
Nancy Eisenberg ◽  
Tracy L Spinrad
Keyword(s):  
Inhibitory Control ◽  
Effortful Control ◽  
Growth Models ◽  
Attention Shifting ◽  
The Future ◽  
Low Levels

Relations between children’s ( n = 213) mother-reported effortful control components (attention focusing, attention shifting, inhibitory control at 42 months; activational control at 72 months) and mother-reported shyness trajectories across 42, 54, 72, and 84 months of age were examined. In growth models, shyness decreased. Inhibitory control and attention shifting predicted higher levels and lower levels of shyness at 42 months (the intercept), respectively. Inhibitory control negatively, and attention shifting positively, predicted the shyness slope. Children with higher inhibitory control had relatively more rapid decreases in shyness. Children with higher attention shifting had relatively slower decreases in shyness. Activational control was negatively correlated with the shyness intercept. Effortful control components should be examined separately, rather than in combination, in relation to shyness in the future. If results are replicated, it may suggest that fostering attention shifting and activational control development helps prevent, or maintain low levels of, shyness during childhood.

Macrocycles of Higher Ortho-Phenylenes: Assembly and Folding

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zacharias Kinney ◽  
Viraj Kirinda ◽  
Scott Hartley
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Shift ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
Order Structure ◽  
Complex Geometries ◽  
Spatial Relationships ◽  
Predominant Species ◽  
Bite Angle ◽  
Direct Assembly

<p>Higher-order structure in abiotic foldamer systems represents an important but largely unrealized goal. As one approach to this challenge, covalent assembly can be used to assemble macrocycles with foldamer subunits in well-defined spatial relationships. Such systems have previously been shown to exhibit self-sorting, new folding motifs, and dynamic stereoisomerism, yet there remain important questions about the interplay between folding and macrocyclization and the effect of structural confinement on folding behavior. Here, we explore the dynamic covalent assembly of extended <i>ortho</i>-phenylenes (hexamer and decamer) with rod-shaped linkers. Characteristic <sup>1</sup>H chemical shift differences between cyclic and acyclic systems can be compared with computational conformer libraries to determine the folding states of the macrocycles. We show that the bite angle provides a measure of the fit of an <i>o</i>-phenylene conformer within a shape-persistent macrocycle, affecting both assembly and ultimate folding behavior. For the <i>o</i>-phenylene hexamer, the bite angle and conformer stability work synergistically to direct assembly toward triangular [3+3] macrocycles of well-folded oligomers. For the decamer, the energetic accessibility of conformers with small bite angles allows [2+2] macrocycles to be formed as the predominant species. In these systems, the <i>o</i>-phenylenes are forced into unusual folding states, preferentially adopting a backbone geometry with distinct helical blocks of opposite handedness. The results show that simple geometric restrictions can be used to direct foldamers toward increasingly complex geometries.</p>

Macrocycles of Higher ortho-Phenylenes: Assembly and Folding

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zacharias Kinney ◽  
Viraj Kirinda ◽  
Scott Hartley
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Shift ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
Order Structure ◽  
Complex Geometries ◽  
Spatial Relationships ◽  
Predominant Species ◽  
Bite Angle ◽  
Direct Assembly

<p>Higher-order structure in abiotic foldamer systems represents an important but largely unrealized goal. As one approach to this challenge, covalent assembly can be used to assemble macrocycles with foldamer subunits in well-defined spatial relationships. Such systems have previously been shown to exhibit self-sorting, new folding motifs, and dynamic stereoisomerism, yet there remain important questions about the interplay between folding and macrocyclization and the effect of structural confinement on folding behavior. Here, we explore the dynamic covalent assembly of extended <i>ortho</i>-phenylenes (hexamer and decamer) with rod-shaped linkers. Characteristic <sup>1</sup>H chemical shift differences between cyclic and acyclic systems can be compared with computational conformer libraries to determine the folding states of the macrocycles. We show that the bite angle provides a measure of the fit of an <i>o</i>-phenylene conformer within a shape-persistent macrocycle, affecting both assembly and ultimate folding behavior. For the <i>o</i>-phenylene hexamer, the bite angle and conformer stability work synergistically to direct assembly toward triangular [3+3] macrocycles of well-folded oligomers. For the decamer, the energetic accessibility of conformers with small bite angles allows [2+2] macrocycles to be formed as the predominant species. In these systems, the <i>o</i>-phenylenes are forced into unusual folding states, preferentially adopting a backbone geometry with distinct helical blocks of opposite handedness. The results show that simple geometric restrictions can be used to direct foldamers toward increasingly complex geometries.</p>

Current Trends in Biotherapeutic Higher Order Structure Characterization by Irreversible Covalent Footprinting Mass Spectrometry

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalie K. Garcia ◽  
Galahad Deperalta ◽  
Aaron T. Wecksler
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Protein Structure ◽  
Protein Interactions ◽  
Quaternary Structure ◽  
Solvent Accessibility ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
Structure Characterization ◽  
Order Structure ◽  
Protein Footprinting ◽  
Wide Range

Background: Biotherapeutics, particularly monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), are a maturing class of drugs capable of treating a wide range of diseases. Therapeutic function and solutionstability are linked to the proper three-dimensional organization of the primary sequence into Higher Order Structure (HOS) as well as the timescales of protein motions (dynamics). Methods that directly monitor protein HOS and dynamics are important for mapping therapeutically relevant protein-protein interactions and assessing properly folded structures. Irreversible covalent protein footprinting Mass Spectrometry (MS) tools, such as site-specific amino acid labeling and hydroxyl radical footprinting are analytical techniques capable of monitoring the side chain solvent accessibility influenced by tertiary and quaternary structure. Here we discuss the methodology, examples of biotherapeutic applications, and the future directions of irreversible covalent protein footprinting MS in biotherapeutic research and development. Conclusion: Bottom-up mass spectrometry using irreversible labeling techniques provide valuable information for characterizing solution-phase protein structure. Examples range from epitope mapping and protein-ligand interactions, to probing challenging structures of membrane proteins. By paring these techniques with hydrogen-deuterium exchange, spectroscopic analysis, or static-phase structural data such as crystallography or electron microscopy, a comprehensive understanding of protein structure can be obtained.

Transdiagnostic dimensions in obsessive-compulsive and related disorders: associations with internalizing and externalizing symptoms

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Ivar Snorrason ◽  
Courtney Beard ◽  
Andrew D. Peckham ◽  
Thröstur Björgvinsson
Keyword(s):  
Internalizing Symptoms ◽  
Externalizing Symptoms ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
Order Structure ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Addictive Disorders ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Alcohol Cravings ◽  
Internalizing And Externalizing ◽  
Internalizing And Externalizing Symptoms

Abstract Background Hierarchical structural models of psychopathology rarely extend to obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorders. The current study sought to examine the higher-order structure of the obsessive-compulsive and related disorders (OCRDs) in DSM-5: obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), hoarding disorder (HD), body dysmorphic disorder (BDD), trichotillomania (hair-pulling disorder; HPD) and excoriation (skin-picking) disorder (SPD). Methods Adult patients in a partial hospital program (N = 532) completed a dimensional measure of the five OCRDs. We used confirmatory factor analysis to identify the optimal model of the comorbidity structure. We then examined the associations between the transdiagnostic factors and internalizing and externalizing symptoms (i.e. depression, generalized anxiety, neuroticism, and drug/alcohol cravings). Results The best fitting model included two correlated higher-order factors: an obsessions-compulsions (OC) factor (OCD, BDD, and HD), and a body-focused repetitive behavior (BFRB) factor (HPD and SPD). The OC factor, not the BFRB factor, had unique associations with internalizing symptoms (standardized effects = 0.42–0.66) and the BFRB factor, not the OC factor, had small marginally significant unique association with drug/alcohol cravings (standardized effect = 0.22, p = 0.088). Conclusions The results mirror findings from twin research and indicate that OCD, BDD, and HD share liability that is significantly associated with internalizing symptoms, but this liability may be relatively less important for BFRBs. Further research is needed to better examine the associations between BFRBs and addictive disorders.

scholarly journals Unravelling a Direct Role for Polysaccharide β-Strands in the Higher Order Structure of Physical Hydrogels

2017 ◽  
Vol 56 (16) ◽  
pp. 4603-4607 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anja Rüther ◽  
Aurelien Forget ◽  
Anjan Roy ◽  
Carolina Carballo ◽  
Florian Mießmer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Higher Order ◽  
Order Structure ◽  
Direct Role

scholarly journals Requirement for Host RNA-Silencing Components and the Virus-Silencing Suppressor when Second-Site Mutations Compensate for Structural Defects in the 3′ Untranslated Region

2015 ◽  
Vol 89 (22) ◽  
pp. 11603-11618 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maitreyi Chattopadhyay ◽  
Vera A. Stupina ◽  
Feng Gao ◽  
Christine R. Szarko ◽  
Micki M. Kuhlmann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Small Rnas ◽  
Rna Silencing ◽  
Untranslated Region ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
Order Structure ◽  
Silencing Suppressor ◽  
Turnip Crinkle Virus ◽  
Site Mutation ◽  
Primary Mutation ◽  
Positive Strand Rna

ABSTRACTTurnip crinkle virus (TCV) contains a structured 3′ region with hairpins and pseudoknots that form a complex network of noncanonical RNA:RNA interactions supporting higher-order structure critical for translation and replication. We investigated several second-site mutations in the p38 coat protein open reading frame (ORF) that arose in response to a mutation in the asymmetric loop of a critical 3′ untranslated region (UTR) hairpin that disrupts local higher-order structure. All tested second-site mutations improved accumulation of TCV in conjunction with a partial reversion of the primary mutation (TCV-rev1) but had neutral or a negative effect on wild-type (wt) TCV or TCV with the primary mutation. SHAPE (selective 2′-hydroxylacylation analyzed byprimerextension) structure probing indicated that these second-site mutations reside in an RNA domain that includes most of p38 (domain 2), and evidence for RNA:RNA interactions between domain 2 and 3′UTR-containing domain 1 was found. However, second-site mutations were not compensatory in the absence of p38, which is also the TCV silencing suppressor, or indcl-2/dcl4orago1/ago2backgrounds. One second-site mutation reduced silencing suppressor activity of p38 by altering one of two GW motifs that are required for p38 binding to double-stranded RNAs (dsRNAs) and interaction with RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC)-associated AGO1/AGO2. Another second-site mutation substantially reduced accumulation of TCV-rev1 in the absence of p38 or DCL2/DCL4. We suggest that the second-site mutations in the p38 ORF exert positive effects through a similar downstream mechanism, either by enhancing accumulation of beneficial DCL-produced viral small RNAs that positively regulate the accumulation of TCV-rev1 or by affecting the susceptibility of TCV-rev1 to RISC loaded with viral small RNAs.IMPORTANCEGenomes of positive-strand RNA viruses fold into high-order RNA structures. Viruses with mutations in regions critical for translation and replication often acquire second-site mutations that exert a positive compensatory effect through reestablishment of canonical base pairing with the altered region. In this study, two distal second-site mutations that individually arose in response to a primary mutation in a critical 3′ UTR hairpin in the genomic RNA of turnip crinkle virus did not directly interact with the primary mutation. Although different second-site changes had different attributes, compensation was dependent on the production of the viral p38 silencing suppressor and on the presence of silencing-required DCL and AGO proteins. Our results provide an unexpected connection between a 3′ UTR primary-site mutation proposed to disrupt higher-order structure and the RNA-silencing machinery.

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