scholarly journals Does Emancipation Matter? Fertility of Chinese International Migrants to the United States and Nonmigrants during China’s One-child Policy Period

2021 ◽  
pp. 019791832199478
Author(s):  
Wanli Nie ◽  
Pau Baizan
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
International Migration ◽  
Chinese Women ◽  
The United States ◽  
Selection Effects ◽  
Birth Cohorts ◽  
Family Policies ◽  
Chinese Migrants ◽  
And Migration ◽  
The Impact

This article investigates the impact of international migration to the United States on the level and timing of Chinese migrants’ fertility. We compare Chinese women who did not leave the country (non-migrants) and were subject to restrictive family policies from 1974 to 2015 to those who moved to the United States (migrants) and were, thus, “emancipated” from these policies. We theoretically develop and empirically test the emancipation hypothesis that migrants should have a higher fertility than non-migrants, as well as an earlier timing of childbearing. This emancipation effect is hypothesized to decline across birth cohorts. We use data from the 2000 US census, the 2005 American Community Survey, the 2000 Chinese census, and the 2005 Chinese 1 percent Population Survey and discrete-time event history models to analyze first, second, and third births, and migration as joint processes, to account for selection effects. The results show that Chinese migrants to the United States had substantially higher childbearing probabilities after migration, compared with non-migrants in China, especially for second and third births. Moreover, our analyses indicate that the migration process is selective of migrants with lower fertility. Overall, the results show how international migration from China to the United States can lead to an increase in migrant women’s fertility, accounting for disruption, adaptation, and selection effects. The rapidly increased fertility after migration from China to the United States might have implications on other migration contexts where fertility in the origin country is dropping rapidly while that in the destination country is relatively stable.

scholarly journals Taken by Storm: Hurricanes, Migrant Networks, and US Immigration

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 250-277 ◽  
Author(s):  
Parag Mahajan ◽  
Dean Yang
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
United States ◽  
International Migration ◽  
The United States ◽  
Quarter Century ◽  
Migrant Networks ◽  
Disaster Impacts ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Natural Disaster Impacts ◽  
Us Immigration

Do negative shocks in origin countries encourage or inhibit international migration? What roles do networks play in modifying out-migration responses? The answers to these questions are not theoretically obvious, and past empirical findings are equivocal. We examine the impact of hurricanes on a quarter century of international migration to the United States. Hurricanes increase migration to the United States, with the effect’s magnitude increasing in the size of prior migrant stocks. We provide new insights into how networks facilitate legal, permanent US immigration in response to origin country shocks, a matter of growing importance as climate change increases natural disaster impacts. (JEL F22, J15, Q54, Z13)

scholarly journals The Ties Allowed to Bind: Kinship Legalities and Migration Restriction in the Interwar Americas

2013 ◽  
Vol 83 ◽  
pp. 191-209 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lara Putnam
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Working Class ◽  
Church And State ◽  
The United States ◽  
Family Patterns ◽  
The World ◽  
Work Family ◽  
And Migration ◽  
The Impact ◽  
New System

AbstractNew immigration restrictions in the United States and elsewhere in the 1920s and 1930s made legal entry dependent on specific kinship formalities. This article explores the impact of the new system through a study of British Caribbean migrants. Because family patterns and the place of church and state sanction within them varied greatly by class—here, as in many parts of the world—the result was a curtailment of mobility that affected elites very little, and working-class would-be migrants enormously. In order to elucidate de facto patterns of exclusion, the author concludes, historians of transnational labor must begin paying more attention to the work “family” does.

scholarly journals “My Last Husband and Marriage:” The Impact of Inheritance Disputes on Chinese Immigrants’ Widowhood in the United States

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hua Shi
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Social Relations ◽  
Emotional Processing ◽  
Chinese Women ◽  
The United States ◽  
Immigrant Background ◽  
Chinese Origin ◽  
Before And After ◽  
High Level ◽  
The Impact

AbstractThis study explores the unique experiences of the emotional processing of the widowhood of individuals of the Chinese seniors, and immigrant background in the United States. By interviewing eight Chinese immigrant widows living in Phoenix, the United States, this study focuses on the comparison of social relations and lifestyles before and after their spousal loss, as well as the unique forces of their Chinese backgrounds and the transnational remarriages in their bereavement process, and then widow status. The narrative accounts of the participants therein illustrate that transnational marriage and blended families generate a series of practical challenges, including unexpected severed friendships and inheritance disputes between stepmother and stepchildren. The consequences are reflected in the increase of self-loathing and low self-esteem, the refusal to remarry, the rising anger at the betrayal of friends, as well as the rapid formation of a high level of independence and self-determination in such circumstances. These findings increase knowledge of widowhood of Chinese women with immigrant background, therein enrich ethno-cultural diversity in the widowhood studies.This study concludes with the implications of providing bilingual legal aid and counseling to Chinese-origin, US-based, and widows.

scholarly journals WHO COMES AND WHY? DETERMINANTS OF IMMIGRANTS SKILL LEVEL IN THE EARLY XXTH CENTURY US

2015 ◽  
Vol 81 (1) ◽  
pp. 115-155 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matías Covarrubias ◽  
Jeanne Lafortune ◽  
José Tessada
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Economic Incentives ◽  
Skill Level ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
And Migration ◽  
Migration Costs ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Positive Effect

Abstract:This paper first elaborates a model of intermediate selection where potential migrants must have both the resources to finance the migration cost (liquidity constraint restriction) and an income gain of migrating (economic incentives restriction). We then test the predictions of the model regarding the impact of output in the sending country and migration costs on average skill level of immigrants to the United States from 1899 to 1932, where immigration was initially unrestricted by law and then highly limited. Our panel of 39 countries includes data on occupations that immigrants had in their country of origin, providing a more accurate skill measure than previously available datasets. We find that migration costs have a negative but skill-neutral effect on quantity of immigrants and an increase in output, measured as GDP per capita, has a positive effect on quantity and a negative effect on average skill level of immigrants, suggesting that the main channel by which changes in output affected the average skill level of migrants in that time period is through the easing or tightening of the liquidity constraints and not through the economic incentives as in previous models. Also, using migrants’ occupation in the United States as a measure of skills would lead to misleading conclusions.

scholarly journals 2. Estimating Net Interracial Mobility in the United States: A Residual Methods Approach

2009 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-71 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony Daniel Perez ◽  
Charles Hirschman
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
International Migration ◽  
Minority Groups ◽  
Population Change ◽  
The United States ◽  
Natural Increase ◽  
Reduced Form ◽  
Quarter Century ◽  
Table Data ◽  
The Impact

This paper presents a residual methods approach to identifying social mobility across race/ethnic categories. In traditional demographic accounting models, population growth is limited to changes in natural increase and migration. Other sources of population change are absorbed by the model residual and can be estimated only indirectly. While these residual estimates have been used to illuminate a number of elusive demographic processes, there has been little effort to incorporate shifts in racial identification into formal accounts of population change. In light of growing evidence that a number of Americans view race/ethnic identities as a personal choice, not as a fixed characteristic, mobility across racial categories may play important roles in the growth of race/ethnic subpopulations and changes to the composition of the United States. To examine this potential, we derive a reduced-form population balancing equation that treats fertility and international migration as given and estimates survival from period life table data. After subtracting out national increase and net international migration and adjusting for changes in racial measurement and census coverage, we argue that the remaining error of closure provides a reasonable estimate of net interracial mobility among the native born. Using recent U.S. Census and ACS microdata, we illustrate the impact that identity shifts may have had on the growth of race/ethnic subpopulations in the past quarter century. Findings suggest a small drift from the non-Hispanic white population into race/ethnic minority groups, though the pattern varies by age and between time periods.

Rethinking Time, Migration, and Aging

2021 ◽  
pp. 188-196
Author(s):  
Ken Chih-Yan Sun
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Migrant Populations ◽  
Time Migration ◽  
Social Settings ◽  
Institutional Responses ◽  
Intimate Relations ◽  
And Migration ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Impact

This chapter reviews the concept of temporalities of migration and considers the ways in which aging immigrants anchor themselves in a transnational social field. It looks at the mutual processes that shape temporalities and migratory experiences and their connections with the organization of intimate relations at the individual, familial, communal, and state levels. It also examines the interaction of time and migration in the experiences of older Taiwanese migrants living in both the United States and Taiwan. The chapter analyzes the impact of time or temporalities on the identities of immigrants, establishing that relocating to a new society complicates the subjectivities of newcomers and provides new options for identity in familial, communal, and social settings. It underscores the need for reassessment of institutional responses to the needs and desires of aging migrant populations.

Gentrification

2021 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Public Schools ◽  
Affordable Housing ◽  
Informal Economy ◽  
Minority Groups ◽  
Local Politics ◽  
Elderly Care ◽  
The United States ◽  
And Migration ◽  
The Impact

Over the last two decades research on gentrification has boomed. As major cities across the United States experience seismic shifts in luxury real estate, inequality, lack of affordable housing, disparate education rates, and the displacement of long-time residents, gentrification and urban studies scholars have sought to provide explanations for such rapid, intervening, and profound changes. Coined by the British sociologist Ruth Glass in 1964, gentrification was a term used to understand the effects of the gentry moving into working-class and poor communities in London. Employing and complicating the uses of gentrification, a series of scholars have debated whether gentrification is a deliberate or chaotic process; a result of public policy, local politics, and/or capital. While a number of scholars have examined the contradictory and multiple definitions of class-based gentrification, only recently have they also explored the impact of race, sexuality, gender, labor, ethnicity and migration status on the workings of gentrification, challenging the idea that gentrification is a strictly economic class-based phenomenon. Fortunately, there has been an increase in works that investigate the effects of gentrification on one of the largest “minority” groups in the United States: Latina/o/xs In regards to gentrification, Latina/o/xs pose a quandary. On the one hand, as workers (documented and undocumented; multi-generational and first-born), Latina/o/xs benefit from the increase in business, construction, informal economy (i.e., domestic work, child-care, elderly care), and retail. On the other, they are the most affected by downturns in the economy. Latina/o/xs are more likely to be paid less for their labor, be employed in precarious and temporary positions, be educated in low-performing public schools, and have less resources and social capital. Combined, these factors result in Latina/o/xs being one of the most displaced communities in the United States.

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