Democracy and criminal justice

1995 ◽  
Vol 15 (44-45) ◽  
pp. 170-182 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bill Jordan ◽  
Jon Arnold
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Criminal Justice ◽  
Social Policy ◽  
Social Exclusion ◽  
Social Inclusion ◽  
The United States ◽  
Criminal Justice Policy ◽  
Democratic Participation ◽  
Enforcement Costs ◽  
Benefits And Costs

This article explores the benefits and costs of involving citizens in criminal justice policy. The authors consider recent arguments that democratic participation is a source of economic dynamism and effec tive governance. They contend that these advantages do not accrue when inter-group conflict and social exclusion lead to a 'politics of enforcement'. In the United States, and now in Britain, pressures for repressive policies have grown in these circumstances. The British government's shift to more populist penal policies appears to signal a recogitition that opportunities and incentives for employment and social inclusion are inadequate. It increases the risk of a cycle of rising enforcement costs, in criminal justice and in other social policy spheres.

Combatining Income and Wealth Inequality, Racial Discrimination, and Social Exclusion in the United States

2020 ◽  
pp. 182-215
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Social Policy ◽  
Income Inequality ◽  
Social Exclusion ◽  
Social Inclusion ◽  
Wealth Inequality ◽  
The United States ◽  
Shared Value ◽  
Political Actors ◽  
Policy Measures

Inequality has increased significantly in the United States during the last three decades. Growing inequality has become a shared value among political actors. Inequality has become problematic and a threat to values of citizens and even the conservatives in U.S. The chapter, therefore, examines the trends in income inequality between 1920s and 2010 and the trends in income inequality between 1979 and 2017. It also focuses on wealth inequality, realities of income inequality at sub-national levels, and income equality along racial and ethnic lines with a specific focus in the years 2007-2016. Also, inequality and social inclusion and social policy measures are discussed.

Combating Income and Wealth Inequality, Racial Discrimination, and Social Exclusion in the United States

2021 ◽  
pp. 118-144
Author(s):  
Augustine Nduka Eneanya
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Social Policy ◽  
Income Inequality ◽  
Social Exclusion ◽  
Social Inclusion ◽  
Wealth Inequality ◽  
The United States ◽  
Shared Value ◽  
Political Actors ◽  
Policy Measures

Inequality has increased significantly in the United States during the last three decades. Growing inequality has become a shared value among political actors. Inequality has become problematic and a threat to values of citizens and even the conservatives in U.S. The chapter, therefore, examines the trends in income inequality between 1920s and 2010 and the trends in income inequality between 1979 and 2017. It also focuses on wealth inequality, realities of income inequality at sub-national levels, and income equality along racial and ethnic lines with a specific focus in the years 2007-2016. Also, inequality and social inclusion and social policy measures are discussed.

The Violence of Inequality: Race and Lobbying in the Politics of Crime and Criminal Justice in the United States

2021 ◽  
pp. 68-93
Author(s):  
Sappho Xenakis ◽  
Leonidas K. Cheliotis
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Criminal Justice ◽  
Policy Making ◽  
Political Process ◽  
The United States ◽  
Reciprocal Relationship ◽  
Criminal Justice Policy ◽  
The Political ◽  
The Us

There is no shortage of scholarly and other research on the reciprocal relationship that inequality bears to crime, victimisation and contact with the criminal justice system, both in the specific United States context and beyond. Often, however, inequality has been studied in conjunction with only one of the three phenomena at issue, despite the intersections that arguably obtain between them–and, indeed, between their respective connections with inequality itself. There are, moreover, forms of inequality that have received far less attention in pertinent research than their prevalence and broader significance would appear to merit. The purpose of this chapter is dual: first, to identify ways in which inequality’s linkages to crime, victimisation and criminal justice may relate to one another; and second, to highlight the need for a greater focus than has been placed heretofore on the role of institutionalised inequality of access to the political process, particularly as this works to bias criminal justice policy-making towards the preferences of financially motivated state lobbying groups at the expense of disadvantaged racial minorities. In so doing, the chapter singles out for analysis the US case and, more specifically, engages with key extant explanations of the staggering rise in the use of imprisonment in the country since the 1970s.

scholarly journals Restorative Justice: A New Paradigm for Criminal Justice Policy

2003 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 91 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald J Schmid
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Criminal Justice ◽  
Restorative Justice ◽  
Common Law ◽  
The United States ◽  
Criminal Justice Policy ◽  
New Paradigm ◽  
Traditional Approaches

In this article, Donald Schmid reviews trends towards restorative justice across several common law jurisdictions, most notably New Zealand and the United States. He examines different models of restorative justice and concludes that, while none of these practices will completely eliminate the need for other, court-based criminal justice processes, they have a large number of practical and social advantages over more traditional approaches.

scholarly journals Inequality Matters

2021 ◽  
pp. 145-154
Author(s):  
Mark Robert Rank ◽  
Lawrence M. Eppard ◽  
Heather E. Bullock
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Health Care ◽  
Child Care ◽  
Criminal Justice ◽  
Social Policy ◽  
Wealth Inequality ◽  
The United States ◽  
Poor People ◽  
Industrialized Countries ◽  
Policy Issues

Chapter 18 begins by examining how much economic inequality exists in the United States. With respect to both income and wealth inequality, the United States has the highest levels of inequality compared with other OECD countries. With respect to intergenerational economic mobility, the United States has less mobility than most other industrialized countries, with such mobility declining in recent decades. Greater levels of inequality are also associated with lower levels of mobility. Finally, high levels of inequality are correlated with increased violence, crime, and incarceration. The United States has been an outlier with respect to its failure to adequately address a wide variety of social policy issues, from child care, to criminal justice, to health care. Poverty is prime example of this failure and the predictable result of extremely high numbers of poor people.

Criminal Justice Policy Transfer and Prison Counter-Radicalization: Examining Canadian Participation in the Roma-Lyon Group

2015 ◽  
Vol 30 (03) ◽  
pp. 381-400 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey Monaghan
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Criminal Justice ◽  
Best Practices ◽  
National Level ◽  
The United States ◽  
Policy Transfer ◽  
Criminal Justice Policy ◽  
Policy Reforms ◽  
Legal Research ◽  
The United Kingdom

AbstractThreats of radicalization have become dominant tropes for Western security agencies. This article examines efforts to address radicalization in the penal setting. Examining the prison counter-radicalization project directed by the secretive G8 Roma-Lyon Group, the article details Canadian participation on the basis of wanting to acquire counter-radicalization best practices from abroad. Contributing to criminal justice policy transfer studies, the article highlights disjunctures between reforms programs driven by powerful actors and particular contexts where these prescribed policy reforms take shape. Characterizing the Roma-Lyon Group as a venue for norm-makers such as the United States and the United Kingdom, and Canada as a norm-taker, the article traces the transfer of counter-radicalization practices from the transnational to the national level. Underlining how the replication of counter-radicalization policies fits into trends of precautionary risk and governing through insecurity, the article concludes by highlighting what the transfer of prisoner radicalization policy means for future socio-legal research.

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