Accentism on Trial: Categorization/Stereotyping and Implicit Biases Predict Harsher Sentences for Foreign-Accented Defendants

2021 ◽  
pp. 0261927X2110227
Author(s):  
Carlos Romero-Rivas ◽  
Charlotte Morgan ◽  
Thomas Collier
Keyword(s):  
Implicit Association Test ◽  
Processing Fluency ◽  
Implicit Association ◽  
Accented Speech ◽  
Implicit Biases ◽  
Mock Trial ◽  
Native Speech ◽  
Study Participants ◽  
Background White Noise

In this study, participants were presented with two tasks: the Implicit Association Test (IAT), and a mock trial task. In both tasks, the auditory stimuli were produced by native or foreign-accented speakers, and presented either free of noise or mixed with background white noise, to estimate the role of processing fluency on jurors’ appraisals. In the IAT, participants showed positive implicit biases toward native speech, and negative implicit biases toward foreign-accented speech. In the mock trial task, participants gave much harsher sentences to the foreign-accented than native defendant, but only when defendants’ statements were free of noise. Moreover, we found that participants’ implicit biases were a relevant predictor of the sentences they gave to the defendants. Our results suggest that categorization/stereotyping is the main mechanism responsible for the effect of defendants’ accents on jurors’ appraisals, and that members of an estimated group who violate social norms are punished more severely.

On the Role of the Implicit Self-Concept in Adult Attachment

2008 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 282-289 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marieke Dewitte ◽  
Jan De Houwer ◽  
Ann Buysse
Keyword(s):  
Attachment Style ◽  
Implicit Association Test ◽  
Reliability And Validity ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Self Concept ◽  
Relational Self ◽  
Implicit Association ◽  
Attachment Research

We report a study that was designed to investigate attachment-related differences in the implicit self-concept and to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Implicit Association Test (IAT) in the context of attachment research. Two variants of the IAT were used to assess implicit relational self-esteem and relational anxiety after stress induction. Results showed that both the relational self-esteem and relational anxiety IAT (1) were meaningfully related to individual differences in attachment style and (2) predicted cognitive and affective reactions to attachment-related distress in addition to and beyond self-report measures of attachment. The results provide evidence for the reliability and validity of the IAT as an index of the implicit attachment self-concept.

scholarly journals Improving Empirical Scrutiny of the Habitus: A Plea for Incorporating Implicit Association Tests in Sociological Research

Sociology ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 53 (5) ◽  
pp. 967-976 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julian Schaap ◽  
Jeroen van der Waal ◽  
Willem de Koster
Keyword(s):  
Implicit Association Test ◽  
Association Test ◽  
Research Note ◽  
Sociological Research ◽  
Implicit Association ◽  
Association Tests ◽  
Scientific Methods ◽  
Conventional Methods ◽  
Social Scientific

Many studies invoke the concept of the Bourdieusian habitus to account for a plethora of stratified patterns uncovered by conventional social-scientific methods. However, as a stratum-specific, embodied and largely non-declarative set of dispositions, the role of the habitus in those stratified patterns is typically not adequately scrutinised empirically. Instead, the habitus is often attributed theoretically to an empirically established link between stratification indicators and an outcome of interest. In this research note, we argue that combining conventional methods in stratification research with latency-based measures such as the Implicit Association Test enables better measurement of the habitus. This sociological application of Implicit Association Tests enables researchers to: (1) identify empirically the existence of different habitus among different social strata; and (2) determine their role in the stratified patterns to which they have thus far been attributed theoretically.

scholarly journals The Implicit Association Test at age 20: What is known and what is not known about implicit bias

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony G. Greenwald ◽  
Miguel Brendl ◽  
Huajian Cai ◽  
Dario Cvencek ◽  
John F. Dovidio ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Best Practices ◽  
Implicit Association Test ◽  
Implicit Bias ◽  
Association Test ◽  
Implicit Association ◽  
Public Attention ◽  
Implicit Biases ◽  
Apply Research ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
Large Corpus

[Version 3 (uploaded 21 April 2020) provides corrected list of co-authors and commenters; the ms. is otherwise unchanged from Versions 1 and 2.] Scientific interest in unintended discrimination that can result from implicit attitudes and stereotypes (implicit biases) has produced a large corpus of empirical findings. In addition to much evidence for validity and usefulness of Implicit Association Test (IAT) measures, there have been psychological critiques of empirical findings and theoretical disagreements about interpretation of IAT findings. Because of public attention drawn by the concept of implicit bias, commercial and other applications based on the concept of implicit bias have been developed by non-psychologists—some of these applications are not appropriately guided by the existing body of research findings. This article is in 5 parts: (1) review of best practices for research use of IAT measures, (2) summary of what has been confidently learned from empirical research using IAT measures, (3) accepted and controversial theoretical interpretations of IAT findings, (4) significant questions about the IAT and implicit bias that still await answer, and (5) questions arising in attempts to apply research findings to remedy unintended discrimination due to implicit biases.

Prejudice Implicit Association Test Effects

2010 ◽  
Vol 218 (1) ◽  
pp. 44-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Popa-Roch ◽  
Florian Delmas
Keyword(s):  
Construct Validity ◽  
Implicit Association Test ◽  
Association Test ◽  
Self Concept ◽  
Implicit Association ◽  
Use Of Self ◽  
Association Tests ◽  
Accessible Information ◽  
Group Preferences

Self-concept is accessible information that can be used when facing a demanding task. Based on findings suggesting that effects observed in Implicit Association Tests (IATs) could be partially explained by the procedural features of the task, we investigated the role of participants’ self-inclusion in target categories for group IATs. We propose that IAT constraints lead participants to use self-relevant heuristics related to their membership of target categories in order to respond rapidly, which contributes to IAT group preferences. Thus positive IAT effects should dramatically diminish if participants were induced not to use self-related heuristics. Study 1 showed that when mapping outgroup names and idiosyncratic characteristics of participants onto the same category during the IAT task, the IAT effect no longer occurs. Study 2 replicated these findings when associating outgroup-participants’ idiosyncratic characteristics prior to the completion of the standard IAT. Therefore inhibiting the use of self-related heuristics reduces IAT effects. The implications of our results for the construct validity of prejudice IATs are discussed.

Measuring Task-Switching Ability in the Implicit Association Test

2005 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
pp. 167-179 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mitja D. Back ◽  
Stefan C. Schmukle ◽  
Boris Egloff
Keyword(s):  
Internal Consistency ◽  
Task Switching ◽  
Implicit Association Test ◽  
Association Test ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Implicit Association ◽  
Stability Studies ◽  
Control Task ◽  
Good Internal Consistency

Abstract. Recently, the role of method-specific variance in the Implicit Association Test (IAT) was examined ( McFarland & Crouch, 2002 ; Mierke & Klauer, 2003 ). This article presents a new content-unspecific control task for the assessment of task-switching ability within the IAT methodology. Study 1 showed that this task exhibited good internal consistency and stability. Studies 2-4 examined method-specific variance in the IAT and showed that the control task is significantly associated with conventionally scored IAT effects of the IAT-Anxiety. Using the D measures proposed by Greenwald, Nosek, and Banaji (2003 ), the amount of method-specific variance in the IAT-Anxiety could be reduced. Possible directions for future research are outlined.

Matters Order: The Role of Information Order on Implicit Impression Formation

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 56-63 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eva Fourakis ◽  
Jeremy Cone
Keyword(s):  
Impression Formation ◽  
Implicit Association Test ◽  
Person Perception ◽  
Implicit Association ◽  
Information Order ◽  
Priming Task ◽  
Test Study ◽  
Affect Misattribution Procedure ◽  
Role Of Information

A classic finding in the person perception literature is that information order is an important factor in the impressions we form of others. But how does order influence the formation of implicit evaluations? In three preregistered experiments including nearly 900 participants, we find evidence for a strong primacy effect even at the implicit level. This occurred on an affect misattribution procedure (Study 1), an evaluative priming task (Study 2), and an implicit association test (Study 3). These findings suggest that, just as explicit impressions are susceptible to primacy effects, so too are implicit ones. Implications for theories of evaluative conditioning and attitudes are discussed.

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