Matters Order: The Role of Information Order on Implicit Impression Formation

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 56-63 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eva Fourakis ◽  
Jeremy Cone
Keyword(s):  
Impression Formation ◽  
Implicit Association Test ◽  
Person Perception ◽  
Implicit Association ◽  
Information Order ◽  
Priming Task ◽  
Test Study ◽  
Affect Misattribution Procedure ◽  
Role Of Information

A classic finding in the person perception literature is that information order is an important factor in the impressions we form of others. But how does order influence the formation of implicit evaluations? In three preregistered experiments including nearly 900 participants, we find evidence for a strong primacy effect even at the implicit level. This occurred on an affect misattribution procedure (Study 1), an evaluative priming task (Study 2), and an implicit association test (Study 3). These findings suggest that, just as explicit impressions are susceptible to primacy effects, so too are implicit ones. Implications for theories of evaluative conditioning and attitudes are discussed.

scholarly journals Illusory-Correlation Effects on Implicit and Explicit Evaluation

2020 ◽  
pp. 014616722097770
Author(s):  
Pieter Van Dessel ◽  
Kate Ratliff ◽  
Skylar M. Brannon ◽  
Bertram Gawronski ◽  
Jan De Houwer
Keyword(s):  
Implicit Association Test ◽  
Past Research ◽  
Implicit Association ◽  
Correlation Effects ◽  
Illusory Correlation ◽  
Priming Task ◽  
Affect Misattribution Procedure ◽  
Majority Groups ◽  
Controlled Evaluation ◽  
Implicit And Explicit

Research suggests that people sometimes perceive a relationship between stimuli when no such relationship exists (i.e., illusory correlation). Illusory-correlation effects are thought to play a central role in the formation of stereotypes and evaluations of minority versus majority groups, often leading to less favorable impressions of minorities. Extant theories differ in terms of whether they attribute illusory-correlation effects to processes operating during learning (belief formation) or measurement (belief expression), and whether different evaluation measures should be differentially sensitive to illusory-correlation effects. Past research found mixed evidence for dissociative effects of illusory-correlation manipulations on measures of implicit (i.e., automatic) and explicit (i.e., controlled) evaluation. Four high-powered studies obtained illusory-correlation effects on explicit evaluations, but not implicit evaluations probed with an Implicit Association Test, Evaluative Priming Task, and Affect Misattribution Procedure. The results are consistent with theories that attribute illusory-correlation effects to processes during belief expression.

scholarly journals The Affect Misattribution Procedure

2017 ◽  
Vol 64 (3) ◽  
pp. 215-230 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Teige-Mocigemba ◽  
Manuel Becker ◽  
Jeffrey W. Sherman ◽  
Regina Reichardt ◽  
Karl Christoph Klauer
Keyword(s):  
Implicit Association Test ◽  
Research Question ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Association Test ◽  
Implicit Association ◽  
Pilot Studies ◽  
Evaluative Priming ◽  
Priming Task ◽  
Affect Misattribution Procedure ◽  
Small Sample Sizes

Abstract. The Affect Misattribution Procedure (AMP) has been forwarded as one of the most promising alternatives to the Implicit Association Test and the evaluative-priming task for measuring attitudes such as prejudice indirectly. We investigated whether the AMP is indeed able to detect an evaluative out-group bias. In contrast to recent conclusions about the robustness of AMP effects, six out of seven pilot studies indicated that participants did not show any prejudice effects in the AMP. Yet, these pilot studies were not fully conclusive with regard to our research question because they investigated different domains of prejudice, used small sample sizes, and employed a modified AMP version. In a preregistered, high-powered AMP study, we therefore examined whether the standard AMP does reveal prejudice against Turks, the biggest minority in Germany, and found a significant, albeit very small prejudice effect. We discuss possible reasons for the AMP’s weak sensitivity to evaluations in socially sensitive domains.

scholarly journals Changing Deep-Rooted Implicit Evaluation in the Blink of an Eye: Negative Verbal Information Shifts Automatic Liking of Gandhi

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 266-273 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pieter Van Dessel ◽  
Yang Ye ◽  
Jan De Houwer
Keyword(s):  
Implicit Association Test ◽  
Negative Information ◽  
Implicit Association ◽  
Verbal Information ◽  
Evaluative Priming ◽  
Attitude Object ◽  
Priming Task ◽  
Rapid Changes ◽  
The Face ◽  
Affect Misattribution Procedure

It is often assumed that, once established, spontaneous or implicit evaluations are resistant to immediate change. Recent research contradicts this theoretical stance, showing that a person’s implicit evaluations of an attitude object can be changed rapidly in the face of new counterattitudinal information. Importantly, it remains unknown whether such changes can also occur for deep-rooted implicit evaluations of well-known attitude objects. We address this question by examining whether the acquisition of negative information changes implicit evaluations of a well-known positive historic figure: Mahatma Gandhi. We report three experiments showing rapid changes in implicit evaluations of Gandhi as measured with an affect misattribution procedure and evaluative priming task but not with an implicit association test (IAT). These findings suggest that implicit evaluations based on deep-rooted representations are subjective to rapid changes in the face of expectancy-violating information while pointing to limitations of the IAT for assessing such changes.

scholarly journals The Mere Exposure Instruction Effect

2017 ◽  
Vol 64 (5) ◽  
pp. 299-314 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pieter Van Dessel ◽  
Gaëtan Mertens ◽  
Colin Tucker Smith ◽  
Jan De Houwer
Keyword(s):  
Implicit Association Test ◽  
Mere Exposure ◽  
Association Test ◽  
Implicit Association ◽  
Mere Exposure Effect ◽  
Exposure Effect ◽  
Priming Task ◽  
Instruction Effect ◽  
Affect Misattribution Procedure ◽  
Instruction Effects

Abstract. The mere exposure effect refers to the well-established finding that people evaluate a stimulus more positively after repeated exposure to that stimulus. We investigated whether a change in stimulus evaluation can occur also when participants are not repeatedly exposed to a stimulus, but are merely instructed that one stimulus will occur frequently and another stimulus will occur infrequently. We report seven experiments showing that (1) mere exposure instructions influence implicit stimulus evaluations as measured with an Implicit Association Test (IAT), personalized Implicit Association Test (pIAT), or Affect Misattribution Procedure (AMP), but not with an Evaluative Priming Task (EPT), (2) mere exposure instructions influence explicit evaluations, and (3) the instruction effect depends on participants’ memory of which stimulus will be presented more frequently. We discuss how these findings inform us about the boundary conditions of mere exposure instruction effects, as well as the mental processes that underlie mere exposure and mere exposure instruction effects.

On the Role of the Implicit Self-Concept in Adult Attachment

2008 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 282-289 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marieke Dewitte ◽  
Jan De Houwer ◽  
Ann Buysse
Keyword(s):  
Attachment Style ◽  
Implicit Association Test ◽  
Reliability And Validity ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Self Concept ◽  
Relational Self ◽  
Implicit Association ◽  
Attachment Research

We report a study that was designed to investigate attachment-related differences in the implicit self-concept and to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Implicit Association Test (IAT) in the context of attachment research. Two variants of the IAT were used to assess implicit relational self-esteem and relational anxiety after stress induction. Results showed that both the relational self-esteem and relational anxiety IAT (1) were meaningfully related to individual differences in attachment style and (2) predicted cognitive and affective reactions to attachment-related distress in addition to and beyond self-report measures of attachment. The results provide evidence for the reliability and validity of the IAT as an index of the implicit attachment self-concept.

scholarly journals Improving Empirical Scrutiny of the Habitus: A Plea for Incorporating Implicit Association Tests in Sociological Research

Sociology ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 53 (5) ◽  
pp. 967-976 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julian Schaap ◽  
Jeroen van der Waal ◽  
Willem de Koster
Keyword(s):  
Implicit Association Test ◽  
Association Test ◽  
Research Note ◽  
Sociological Research ◽  
Implicit Association ◽  
Association Tests ◽  
Scientific Methods ◽  
Conventional Methods ◽  
Social Scientific

Many studies invoke the concept of the Bourdieusian habitus to account for a plethora of stratified patterns uncovered by conventional social-scientific methods. However, as a stratum-specific, embodied and largely non-declarative set of dispositions, the role of the habitus in those stratified patterns is typically not adequately scrutinised empirically. Instead, the habitus is often attributed theoretically to an empirically established link between stratification indicators and an outcome of interest. In this research note, we argue that combining conventional methods in stratification research with latency-based measures such as the Implicit Association Test enables better measurement of the habitus. This sociological application of Implicit Association Tests enables researchers to: (1) identify empirically the existence of different habitus among different social strata; and (2) determine their role in the stratified patterns to which they have thus far been attributed theoretically.

Reliability of Implicit Self–Esteem Measures Revisited

2011 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 239-251 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sascha Krause ◽  
Mitja D. Back ◽  
Boris Egloff ◽  
Stefan C. Schmukle
Keyword(s):  
Implicit Association Test ◽  
Time Lag ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Association Test ◽  
Implicit Association ◽  
Priming Task ◽  
Response Window ◽  
Scoring Algorithm ◽  
Affective Priming Task ◽  
Reliability Coefficients

This study investigated the internal consistencies and temporal stabilities of different implicit self–esteem measures. Participants ( N = 101) responded twice—with a time lag of 4 weeks—to five different tasks: the Implicit Association Test (IAT), the Brief Implicit Association Test (BIAT), the Affective Priming Task (APT), the Identification–Extrinsic Affective Simon Task (ID–EAST) and the Name–Letter Task (NLT). As expected, the highest reliability coefficients were obtained for the self–esteem IAT. Importantly, the internal consistencies and the temporal stabilities of the APT, the ID–EAST, and the NLT were substantially improved by using material, structural, and analytic innovations. In particular, the use of the adaptive response–window procedure for the APT, the computation of error scores for the ID–EAST, and the computation of a double corrected scoring algorithm for the NLT yielded reliability coefficients comparable to those of the established IAT. Implications for the indirect assessment of self–esteem are discussed. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

scholarly journals A Comparison of the Sensitivity of Four Indirect Evaluation Measures to Evaluative Information

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoav Bar-Anan ◽  
Brian A. Nosek
Keyword(s):  
Implicit Association Test ◽  
Dependent Measure ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Total N ◽  
Evaluation Measures ◽  
Priming Task ◽  
Affect Misattribution Procedure ◽  
Indirect Evaluation ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Research Efficiency

Indirect evaluation measures are used as a dependent measure to assess the impact of experimental interventions on shifting pre-existing attitudes or creating new attitudes. In four experiments (total N = 13,894), we compared the sensitivity of four indirect evaluation measures to evaluative information about two novel targets. Evaluative sensitivity was strongest for the Implicit Association Test (IAT). Other measures were more similar in their sensitivity, but the pattern, from stronger to the weakest was the Affect Misattribution Procedure (AMP), the Sorting Paired Features (SPF), and then Evaluative Priming task (EPT). To the extent that these findings are generalizable to related research applications, these results suggest that the measures differ in their research efficiency (power). For example, to achieve 80% power to detect the evaluative learning effect in the present studies, direct self-report would require 10 participants, the IAT 28 participants, the AMP 57, the SPF 79, and the EPT 131.

Prejudice Implicit Association Test Effects

2010 ◽  
Vol 218 (1) ◽  
pp. 44-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Popa-Roch ◽  
Florian Delmas
Keyword(s):  
Construct Validity ◽  
Implicit Association Test ◽  
Association Test ◽  
Self Concept ◽  
Implicit Association ◽  
Use Of Self ◽  
Association Tests ◽  
Accessible Information ◽  
Group Preferences

Self-concept is accessible information that can be used when facing a demanding task. Based on findings suggesting that effects observed in Implicit Association Tests (IATs) could be partially explained by the procedural features of the task, we investigated the role of participants’ self-inclusion in target categories for group IATs. We propose that IAT constraints lead participants to use self-relevant heuristics related to their membership of target categories in order to respond rapidly, which contributes to IAT group preferences. Thus positive IAT effects should dramatically diminish if participants were induced not to use self-related heuristics. Study 1 showed that when mapping outgroup names and idiosyncratic characteristics of participants onto the same category during the IAT task, the IAT effect no longer occurs. Study 2 replicated these findings when associating outgroup-participants’ idiosyncratic characteristics prior to the completion of the standard IAT. Therefore inhibiting the use of self-related heuristics reduces IAT effects. The implications of our results for the construct validity of prejudice IATs are discussed.

Measuring Task-Switching Ability in the Implicit Association Test

2005 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
pp. 167-179 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mitja D. Back ◽  
Stefan C. Schmukle ◽  
Boris Egloff
Keyword(s):  
Internal Consistency ◽  
Task Switching ◽  
Implicit Association Test ◽  
Association Test ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Implicit Association ◽  
Stability Studies ◽  
Control Task ◽  
Good Internal Consistency

Abstract. Recently, the role of method-specific variance in the Implicit Association Test (IAT) was examined ( McFarland & Crouch, 2002 ; Mierke & Klauer, 2003 ). This article presents a new content-unspecific control task for the assessment of task-switching ability within the IAT methodology. Study 1 showed that this task exhibited good internal consistency and stability. Studies 2-4 examined method-specific variance in the IAT and showed that the control task is significantly associated with conventionally scored IAT effects of the IAT-Anxiety. Using the D measures proposed by Greenwald, Nosek, and Banaji (2003 ), the amount of method-specific variance in the IAT-Anxiety could be reduced. Possible directions for future research are outlined.

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