Reviews : Allan R. Millett and Williamson Murray, eds, Military Effectiveness: Vol. I: The First World War; Vol. II: The Interwar Period; Vol. III: The Second World War, Mershon Center Series on International Security and Foreign Pohcy, Boston MA and London, Allen & Unwm, 1988; xiii + 361 pp., 281 pp., and 375 pp. respectively ; no price given

FOR all their differences, particularly the failure of Polish Jewry to assimilate and the overwhelmingly successful assimilation of Hungarian Jewry, both Polish and Hungarian Jews found themselves in similar circumstances during the interwar period. Intense antisemitism, beginning in the 1880s, came to a full boil in the aftermath of the First World War. Acculturated or not, both groups had been reduced to pariah status by the outbreak of the Second World War. Despite the yawning chasm between the self-identities of Jews in Poland and those of Jews in Hungary, attempts at moderate religious reform, particularly in liturgy and synagogue practice, were successful in both countries, albeit on a much different scale....

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Western Ethnic Borderlands in the Influence of Russian-Soviet Propagangda Before and in the Years of the Second World War

Науковий вісник Чернівецького національного університету імені Юрія Федьковича Історія ◽

10.31861/hj2017.46.32-39 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 2 (46) ◽

pp. 32-39

Author(s):

Igor Lyubchyk

Keyword(s):

First World War ◽

Second World War ◽

World War ◽

Russian Orthodoxy ◽

The Social ◽

The First World War ◽

Post War ◽

Second World ◽

First World ◽

Russian Identity

The research issue peculiarities of wide Russian propaganda among the most Western ethnographic group – Lemkies is revealed in the article. The character and orientation of Russian and Soviet agitation through the social, religious and social movements aimed at supporting Russian identity in the region are traced. Tragic pages during the First World War were Thalrogian prisons for Lemkas, which actually swept Lemkivshchyna through Muscovophilian influences. Agitation for Russian Orthodoxy has provoked frequent cases of sharp conflicts between Lemkas. In general, attempts by moskvophile agitators to impose russian identity on the Orthodox rite were failed. Taking advantage of the complex socio-economic situation of Lemkos, Russian campaigners began to promote moving to the USSR. Another stage of Russian propaganda among Lemkos began with the onset of the Second World War. Throughout the territory of the Galician Lemkivshchyna, Soviet propaganda for resettlement to the USSR began rather quickly. During the dramatic events of the Second World War and the post-war period, despite the outbreaks of the liberation movement, among the Lemkoswere manifestations of political sympathies oriented toward the USSR. Keywords: borderlands, Lemkivshchyna, Lemky, Lemkivsky schism, Moskvophile, Orthodoxy, agitation, ethnopolitics

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The Motif of Sacrifice in the Literature and Culture of the Second World War

10.1093/oso/9780198806516.003.0011 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Mark Rawlinson

Keyword(s):

Short Stories ◽

First World War ◽

Second World War ◽

Home Front ◽

World War ◽

War Poetry ◽

Anglophone Literature ◽

The First World War ◽

Second World ◽

First World

This chapter explores how Anglophone literature and culture envisioned and questioned an economy of sacrificial exchange, particularly its symbolic aspect, as driving the compulsions entangled in the Second World War. After considering how Elizabeth Bowen’s short stories cast light on the Home Front rhetorics of sacrifice and reconstruction, it looks at how poets Robert Graves, Keith Douglas, and Alun Lewis reflect on First World War poetry of sacrifice. With reference to René Girard’s and Carl von Clausewitz’s writings on war, I take up Elaine Cobley’s assertion about the differing valencies of the First and Second World Wars, arguing that the contrast is better seen in terms of sacrificial economy. I develop that argument with reference to examples from Second World War literature depicting sacrificial exchange (while often harking back to the First World War), including Evelyn Waugh’s Sword of Honour Trilogy (1952–61), and William Wharton’s memoir Shrapnel (2012).

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Blockade and the Civilian Population

10.1093/oso/9780198808435.003.0006 ◽

2018 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Phillip Drew

Keyword(s):

First World War ◽

Gulf War ◽

Second World War ◽

Maritime Trade ◽

World War ◽

Civilian Population ◽

Strategic Bombing ◽

The First World War ◽

Second World ◽

First World

Drawing on several examples through history, this chapter illustrates the devastating potential that maritime blockades can have when they are employed against modern societies that are dependent on maritime trade, and particularly on the importation of foodstuffs and agricutltural materials for the survival of their civilian populations. Revealing statistics that show that the blockade of Germany during the First World War caused more civilian deaths than did the allied strategic bombing campaign of the Second World War, and that the sanctions regime against Iraq killed far more people than did the 1991 Gulf War, it demonstrates that civilian casualties are often the true unseen cost of conducting blockade operations.

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Will the World’s Glass after the Coronavirus Pandemic Be Half-Empty or Half-Full?

Südosteuropa ◽

10.1515/soeu-2020-0018 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 68 (2) ◽

pp. 274-281

Author(s):

Dubravka Stojanović

Keyword(s):

First World War ◽

Second World War ◽

The Political ◽

World War ◽

The First World War ◽

Great Crash ◽

Second World ◽

First World

AbstractThe author comments on the political and economic options in the wake of the coronavirus pandemic that started at the beginning of 2020. She revisits responses to the crises of the First World War, the Great Crash of 1929, and the Second World War, sorting them into ‘pessimistic’ and ‘optimistic’ responses, and outlining their respective consequences.

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Arcybiskup generał brygady Sawa (Sowietow) 1898–1951: duszpasterz, żołnierz, obywatel

10.31338/uw.9788323549352 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Jerzy Grzybowski

Keyword(s):

Armed Forces ◽

First World War ◽

Second World War ◽

Orthodox Church ◽

Religious Service ◽

World War ◽

Military Chaplain ◽

The First World War ◽

Second World ◽

First World

The books presents the life of archbishop brygadier general Sawa (Sowietow). The author explores its successive stages: young years during the First World War, priesthood in the Second Polish Republic, wanderings during the Second World War, service in Polish Armed Forces in the West (as the chief military chaplain of the Orthodox Church), and religious service among Polish citizens abroad after the Yalta Conference.

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Programming Men and Machines. Changing Organisation in the Artillery Computations at Aberdeen Proving Ground (1916-1946)

Revue de Synthèse ◽

10.1163/19552343-13900013 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 139 (3-4) ◽

pp. 241-266

Author(s):

Maarten Bullynck

Keyword(s):

First World War ◽

Second World War ◽

Computational Power ◽

World War ◽

The First World War ◽

Electronic Computers ◽

Aberdeen Proving Ground ◽

Second World ◽

First World ◽

Differential Analyzer

Abstract After the First World War mathematics and the organisation of ballistic computations at Aberdeen Proving Ground changed considerably. This was the basis for the development of a number of computing aids that were constructed and used during the years 1920 to 1950. This article looks how the computational organisation forms and changes the instruments of calculation. After the differential analyzer relay-based machines were built by Bell Labs and, finally, the ENIAC, one of the first electronic computers, was built, to satisfy the need for computational power in ballistics during the second World War.

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Specifics of the International Political Position of the Commonwealth of Australia in the first half of the ХХ-th century

Problems of World History ◽

10.46869/2707-6776-2021-13-6 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 133-149

Author(s):

I. Vietrynskyi

Keyword(s):

British Empire ◽

First World War ◽

Second World War ◽

World War ◽

Political Situation ◽

The First World War ◽

The Impact ◽

Second World ◽

First World

The paper focuses on the initial stage of the formation of the Commonwealth of Australia, and the process of its establishing as an independent State. The international political context for the development of the country, from the period of creation of the Federation to the beginning of the Second World War, is primarily viewed. The Commonwealth’s international position, its place and role in the regional and global geopolitical processes of the early XX century, in particular in the context of its relations with Great Britain, are analyzed. The features of the transformation of British colonial policies on the eve of the First World War are examined. The specifics of the UK system of relations with Australia, as well as other dominions, are being examined. The features of status of the dominions in the British Empire system are shown. The role of the dominions and, in particular, the Commonwealth of Australia in the preparatory process for the First World War, as well as the peculiarities of its participation in hostilities, is analyzed. The significance of the actions of the First World War on the domestic political situation in Australia, as well as its impact on dominions relations with the British Empire, is revealed. The history of the foundation of the Australian-New Zealand Army Corps (ANZAC) and its participation in imperial forces on the frontline of the First World War is analyzed. The success and failure of its fighters, as well as the role of ANZAC, in the process of formation an Australian political nation are analyzed. The economic, humanitarian and international political consequences of the First World War for the Commonwealth of Australia are examined, as well as the influence of these consequences on the structure of relations between the dominions and the British Empire. The socio-economic situation of the Commonwealth of Australia on the eve of World War II, in particular the impact of the Great depression on the development of the country as a whole and its internal political situation in particular, is analyzed. The ideological, military-strategic and international political prerequisites for Australia’s entry into the Second World War are being considered.

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