Comparison of a perfusion simulator to a clinical operating room: evaluation of eye tracking data and subjective perception. A pilot study

Background: With the aim of evaluating the perfusion simulator at the German Heart Center Berlin, similarity between simulation and clinical operation room (OR) was investigated regarding subjective perception and eye movement. Methods: Eight perfusionists performed an operation on the heart-lung machine (HLM) wearing eye tracking glasses, each in real OR and simulator. The three most important phases for perfusionists (going on bypass, cardioplegia administration and coming off bypass) were considered. Additional to eye tracking data as objective measure, questionnaires were completed, and interviews conducted afterwards. Results: The structure of simulator and real OR is perceived as basically the same. Yet there are differences in the HLM-models used and the temporal sequence. Different perception of both situations is reported in interviews and reflected in significant differences in the rating scales (NASA-TLX) on three of six subscales. In eye tracking data, certain AOIs could be identified for the individual phases, both in OR and simulator—an indication of fundamental similarity. However, differences regarding the proportions of the individual AOIs, especially in the first and third phase, are leading to the assumption that the simulator, and especially the simulation process, is only valid to a limited extent regarding subjective perception and eye tracking data. Conclusion: The use of the simulator for (advanced) training is accepted and explicitly requested by perfusionists. Yet further research is needed to identify the decisive factors (like simulation duration or additional tasks) for a valid execution in the simulator. Furthermore, a larger sample size should be regarded to allow statistical analysis.

Download Full-text

Investigating response order effects in web surveys using eye tracking

Psihologija ◽

10.2298/psi1504361h ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 48 (4) ◽

pp. 361-377 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Jan Höhne ◽

Timo Lenzner

Keyword(s):

Eye Tracking ◽

Empirical Evidence ◽

Rating Scales ◽

Effect Sizes ◽

Order Effects ◽

Multiple Response ◽

Tracking Data ◽

Web Surveys ◽

Data Support ◽

Scale Types

Response order effects are a well-known phenomenon that can occur when answering survey questions with multiple response categories. Although various theoretical explanations exist, the empirical evidence is contradictory. Moreover, different scale types produce different effect sizes. In the current study, we investigate the occurrence and causes of response order effects in horizontal and vertical rating scales by means of eye tracking. We conducted an experiment (n = 84) with two groups and varied the scale direction so that the response scales either ran from agree to disagree or vice versa. The results indicate that response order effects in rating scales are relatively small and are more likely to occur in vertical than in horizontal rating scales. Moreover, our eye-tracking data reveal that respondents do not read all categories, nor do they pay equal attention to all categories; these data support the survey satisficing theory of response order effects (Krosnick, 1991).

Download Full-text

A cross-linguistic investigation of proactive, similarity-based retrieval interference in sentence comprehension: No support from English, German and Russian eye-tracking data

10.31234/osf.io/t2j8v ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Daniela Mertzen ◽

Anna Laurinavichyute ◽

Brian Dillon ◽

Ralf Engbert ◽

Shravan Vasishth

Keyword(s):

Eye Tracking ◽

Real Time ◽

Large Scale ◽

Sentence Comprehension ◽

Tracking Data ◽

Processing Demands ◽

Retrieval Mechanism ◽

Syntactic Dependencies ◽

Retrieval Interference ◽

Larger Sample

Cue-based parsing theories posit that dependency resolution during real-time sentence comprehension relies on cue-based retrieval of linguistic items encoded in memory. This retrieval mechanism is prone to similarity-based interference, which can occur when there are items in memory that are similar to the retrieval target. Interference during sentence comprehension seems to be well-established across numerous syntactic dependencies; however, the evidence for interference on within-sentence dependencies from sentence-external lexical items (encoded in memory prior to reading a target dependency) is inconclusive (Van Dyke &McElree, 2006; Van Dyke et al., 2014). The goal of the present study is to provide a large-scale cross-linguistic investigation of retrieval interference from sentence-external distractors under varying processing demands. Three larger-sample eye-tracking studies in English (N=66),German (N=122) and Russian (N=109) show no support for similarity-based interference from sentence-external material during sentence comprehension. We discuss the implications of our findings for cue-based parsing theories.

Download Full-text

The Opposition of Surprisal and Semantic Similarity in the Prediction of Language Processing: Evidence from Eye-tracking Data

10.31234/osf.io/zypk9 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Kun Sun

Keyword(s):

Eye Tracking ◽

Semantic Similarity ◽

Cognitive Processing ◽

Language Processing ◽

Language Comprehension ◽

Word Processing ◽

Reading Time ◽

Computational Models ◽

Tracking Data ◽

Dynamic Approach

Expectations or predictions about upcoming content play an important role during language comprehension and processing. One important aspect of recent studies of language comprehension and processing concerns the estimation of the upcoming words in a sentence or discourse. Many studies have used eye-tracking data to explore computational and cognitive models for contextual word predictions and word processing. Eye-tracking data has previously been widely explored with a view to investigating the factors that influence word prediction. However, these studies are problematic on several levels, including the stimuli, corpora, statistical tools they applied. Although various computational models have been proposed for simulating contextual word predictions, past studies usually preferred to use a single computational model. The disadvantage of this is that it often cannot give an adequate account of cognitive processing in language comprehension. To avoid these problems, this study draws upon a massive natural and coherent discourse as stimuli in collecting the data on reading time. This study trains two state-of-art computational models (surprisal and semantic (dis)similarity from word vectors by linear discriminative learning (LDL)), measuring knowledge of both the syntagmatic and paradigmatic structure of language. We develop a `dynamic approach' to compute semantic (dis)similarity. It is the first time that these two computational models have been merged. Models are evaluated using advanced statistical methods. Meanwhile, in order to test the efficiency of our approach, one recently developed cosine method of computing semantic (dis)similarity based on word vectors data adopted is used to compare with our `dynamic' approach. The two computational and fixed-effect statistical models can be used to cross-verify the findings, thus ensuring that the result is reliable. All results support that surprisal and semantic similarity are opposed in the prediction of the reading time of words although both can make good predictions. Additionally, our `dynamic' approach performs better than the popular cosine method. The findings of this study are therefore of significance with regard to acquiring a better understanding how humans process words in a real-world context and how they make predictions in language cognition and processing.

Download Full-text

Attentional Bias to Untrustworthy Faces: Evidence From Eye Tracking Data

Advances in Psychological Science ◽

10.3724/sp.j.1042.2015.01508 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 23 (9) ◽

pp. 1508

Author(s):

Qiandong WANG ◽

Qinggong LI ◽

Kaikai CHEN ◽

Genyue FU

Keyword(s):

Eye Tracking ◽

Attentional Bias ◽

Tracking Data

Download Full-text

SIMILAR INSPECTION DATA RETRIEVAL FOR ROAD STRUCTURE INSPECTION BASED ON CANONICAL CORRELATION BETWEEN EYE TRACKING DATA AND INSPECTION RECORDS

Journal of Japan Society of Civil Engineers Ser F3 (Civil Engineering Informatics) ◽

10.2208/jscejcei.76.1_74 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 76 (1) ◽

pp. 74-86

Author(s):

Keisuke MAEDA ◽

Ryota SAITO ◽

Sho TAKAHASHI ◽

Takahiro OGAWA ◽

Miki HASEYAMA

Keyword(s):

Eye Tracking ◽

Canonical Correlation ◽

Data Retrieval ◽

Tracking Data ◽

Inspection Data

Download Full-text

The Free Responsible Action of the Individual

10.1093/oso/9780198824176.003.0014 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Michael P. DeJonge

Keyword(s):

The Novel ◽

Extreme Situation ◽

The Third ◽

Third Phase ◽

Responsible Action ◽

Action Type ◽

Two Phases ◽

The Individual ◽

The Church

If, as Chapter 12 argues, much of Bonhoeffer’s resistance thinking remains stable even as he undertakes the novel conspiratorial resistance, what is new in his resistance thinking in the third phase? What receives new theological elaboration is the resistance activity of the individual, which in the first two phases was overshadowed by the resistance role played by the church. Indeed, as this chapter shows, Bonhoeffer’s conspiratorial activity is associated with what he calls free responsible action (type 6), and this is the action of the individual, not the church, in the exercise of vocation. As such, the conspiratorial activity is most closely related to the previously developed type 1 resistance, which includes individual vocational action in response to state injustice. But the conspiratorial activity differs from type 1 resistance as individual vocational action in the extreme situation.

Download Full-text