Subjective forecasting of security practices in extreme situations

The purpose of the research is to study the features of the subject’s predicted choice of security practices in connection with extreme life situations that are significant for him. The main hypothesis was the assumption that the choice of security practices can be associated with the type of extreme situation that initiates it, in such a way that each group of these practices corresponds with a certain type of extreme situations. The research was exploratory in nature. The authors used the methods of incomplete sentence and subjective scaling. A total of 200 university students participated in the study on a voluntary basis. The sample included 118 (59 %) girls and 82 (41 %) boys aged 18–21 years. The respondents identified subjectively significant extreme situations, such as illness, pressure on the psyche, domestic extreme, financial fraud, transport accident, trauma at work, criminal aggression, natural disaster, terrorist attack, destructive social conflict. Factorization has established their semantic grouping into general social, public and private extreme situations. The authors based the study on the selection of the following security practices: normative (compliance with safety instructions, safety memos, following the developed safety rules), socio-­cultural (taking into account the signs of danger, the use of talismans, protective amulets, conducting a ritual of protection against threats) and individual (compliance with the recommendations of significant persons on safety, the use of their own safety rules, their own safety traditions). The authors established on an empirical basis, that the choice of security practices differs depending on the extreme situation that initiates it. The most preferable for students are individual security practices, the least preferable are socio-­cultural ones. The choice of official security practices is more often associated with public extreme situations; the choice of socio-­cultural and individual security practices is more often associated with private extreme situations. The problem has prospects for further research.

Protection Factors on Adolescent Mental Health Condition due to Pandemic COVID-19

This pandemic has brought some impacts such as physical, psychological, social, and economic (Poudel & Subedi, 2020). Until now, all parties say that they have not found a way to overcome it because of the extreme situation that has never happened before. Empirical studies on the impact of the health crisis on physical, and mental health have become a priority to solve these arising problems (Schimmenti et al., 2020). Lockdown can affect the mental health of adolescents. The impact of lockdown or activity restriction can cause psychological stress on adolescents (Chen et al., 2020). Teens are supposed to be cut off from peers and school as everyone worries about illness and about their future which are beyond their control (Singh et al., 2020) Therefore this paper tries to contribute to overcoming these problems, especially in the adolescent age group. Basically, teenagers have creative potential, resilience, and resourceful, especially if they have supportive adults in their lives. Parents or adults around them need to talk with teenagers about their experiences during the Covid 19 pandemic and talk about any support they might need. Parents can help teenagers create a structure or activity plan during the Covid 19 pandemic. Although this plan may not be desirable at this time, it is something that is needed. Basically, teenagers need help to create and develop their strength and ability. Parents can help adolescents to build relationships with mental health resources either through school or in the community. They can set an example by finding healthy coping skills, such as meditation, peer support, counseling, and exercise.

On the Complete Realization of the Right to Silence in China from the Perspective of the Role Change of the Accused

Since the Zhou Dynasty, China has a tradition of “emphasizing confession”. Until now, “confession centrism” is still a deep-rooted judicial concept in the minds of judicial personnel. This leads to the repeated prohibition of extorting confessions by torture in our country, and eventually leads to many unjust and false cases. The long-term judicial tradition from “no confession without conviction” to “Leniency for confession and strictness for resistance” has made the accused bear different functions according to their different status in various stages of criminal proceedings, which makes the role overload, role conflict and role tension of the ordinary criminal accused more prominent, and even lead to the extreme situation of role collapse. To give the defendant an opportunity to change his identity may help us to find a solution to the complete realization of the right to silence and the protection of the right to abstain.

Characteristics of mental stability of employees of the security department with different terms of service in the penitentiary system of the Russian Federation

The current state of the features of the professional activity of correctional officers is considered one of the most difficult and dangerous, especially for services that perform non-military services with weapons. The fact that employees have firearms with them during their service radically distinguishes their official duties from the work of other departments and services. As practice shows, even employees with long seniority may not always correctly anticipate and prevent the occurrence of crisis situations that may arise in circumstances specific to criminal enforcement activities: continuous readiness to act in an extreme situation (hostage-taking, escapes, riots, group disobedience, etc.), an increased level of danger to human life and health (the likelihood of using weapons to kill). All of the above places special requirements on the training of this category of employees, including psychological. Of no small importance is the development of the mental stability of the employees of the security department of the penitentiary service to the stress factors of professional activity, such as strict legal regulations, service with weapons, high responsibility for decisions made, service in any weather conditions, violation of sleep and wakefulness, etc.

Specificity of Meteorological and Biometeorological Conditions in Central Europe in Centre of Urban Areas in June 2019 (Bydgoszcz, Poland)

The work describes diurnal meteorological and biometeorological conditions in June 2019 in the urban areas of Central Europe. UTCI, STI, Oh_H, WL, and OV indices were calculated based on 24-h data from Bydgoszcz (Poland) for hot days. The degree of risk connected with heat stress of different intensities, risk of hyperthermia, body water loss, and decreased oxygen volume was determined. The studies showed that June 2019 was an example of an extreme situation with a heatwave that generated high stress for the inhabitants of urban areas. The conditions were burdensome mostly due to “very strong” and “strong” heat stress and periodic risk of dehydration, situations that could quickly lead to overheating of the body and a decreased oxygen volume leading to stress.

Metals in Calluna vulgaris, Empetrum nigrum, Festuca vivipara and Thymus praecox ssp. arcticus in the geothermal areas of Iceland

This investigation was conducted to identify the content of metals in Calluna vulgaris (family Ericaceae), Empetrum nigrum (family Ericaceae), Festuca vivipara (family Poaceae) and Thymus praecox subsp. arcticus (family Lamiaceae), as well as in the soils where they were growing in eight geothermal heathlands in Iceland. Investigation into the vegetation of geothermal areas is crucial and may contribute to their proper protection in the future and bring more understanding under what conditions the plants respond to an ecologically more extreme situation. Plants from geothermally active sites were enriched with metals as compared to the same species from non-geothermal control sites (at an average from about 150 m from geothermal activity). The enriched metals consisted of Cd, Co, Cu, Fe and Ni in C. vulgaris; Cd, Mn and Ti in E. nigrum; Hg and Pb in F. vivipara; and Cd, Fe and Hg in T. praecox. Notably, C. vulgaris, E. nigrum, F. vivipara and T. praecox had remarkably high concentrations of Ti at levels typical of toxicity thresholds. Cd and Pb (except for C. vulgaris and F. vivipara) were not accumulated in the shoots of geothermal plants. C. vulgaris from geothermal and control sites was characterised by the highest bioaccumulation factor (BF) of Ti and Mn; E. nigrum and F. vivipara by the highest BF of Ti and Cr; and T. praecox by the highest BF of Ti and Zn compared to the other elements. In comparison with the other examined species, F. vivipara from geothermal sites had the highest concentration of Ti in above-ground parts at any concentration of plant-available Ti in soil.

Introduction

The introduction briefly explores Christianity’s fascination with its martyrs. It develops a series of optical metaphors—spotlight, lens, prism, mirror—to show that the core theological function of naming martyrs is to make an argument about what the faithful Christian life looks like. The martyr, from her extreme situation, illuminates and brings into clearer focus the contours of discipleship as they are supposed to be lived out in more ordinary situations. Hence the book’s central question: if martyrdom’s argument about the Christian life points to the call to suffer violence, then what are we to think about the mainstream church’s historic sanctioning of the inflicting of violence in certain circumstances?

Major organ loss from post-mortem animal predation: Issues arising from emptied body cavities

The feeding of animals on bodies after death – so-called post-mortem animal predation – may complicate autopsy interpretations when there has been removal of significant amounts of skin and tissues. An extreme situation which sometimes arises is the complete evisceration and/or consumption of all major cavity organs. Search of autopsy files at Forensic Science South Australia was undertaken for examples of this phenomenon. Although such a finding at autopsy may suggest the actions of larger animals such as dogs or sharks, it may also occur when groups of smaller animals, such as cats, act in concert. Complete loss of organs may also occur if significant insect activity accompanies decomposition. Empty body cavities may therefore result from of a wide variety of animal activities involving a range of species in quite different environments. A significant problem once organs have been removed or consumed is in identifying or excluding natural diseases or injuries that may have played a role in the lethal episode.

Identification of Measures to Strengthen Resilience in Homes on the Basis of Lockdown Experience during COVID-19

The COVID-19 pandemic and the need to put populations into lockdown require a reflection on the capacity of homes to adjust to a specific function for which they are not designed: ensuring the health and wellbeing of people during lockdown periods. Thus, the government in the Comunitat Valenciana promoted a study to evaluate house fit in this Spanish region through the Valencia Institute of Building. The information was obtained by directly asking people affected through an online survey. On the basis of a series of indicators proposed in the study, the level of resilience and measures that favour house adaptation to such an extreme situation are analysed. The ultimate purpose is to offer solutions to enhance house behaviour against similar risks. The information obtained will be further useful for regional regulations of house design to be amended, currently under revision.