scholarly journals Neuroprotective role of lactate in rat neonatal hypoxia-ischemia

2020 ◽  
pp. 0271678X2090835 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hélène Roumes ◽  
Ursule Dumont ◽  
Stéphane Sanchez ◽  
Leslie Mazuel ◽  
Jordy Blanc ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neuroprotective Effect ◽  
Waste Product ◽  
Brain Lesion ◽  
Complete Recovery ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Lesion Volume ◽  
Apparent Diffusion Coefficients ◽  
Hypoxia Ischemia

Hypoxic-ischemic (HI) encephalopathy remains a major cause of perinatal mortality and chronic disability in newborns worldwide (1–6 for 1000 births). The only current clinical treatment is hypothermia, which is efficient for less than 60% of babies. Mainly considered as a waste product in the past, lactate, in addition to glucose, is increasingly admitted as a supplementary fuel for neurons and, more recently, as a signaling molecule in the brain. Our aim was to investigate the neuroprotective effect of lactate in a neonatal (seven day old) rat model of hypoxia-ischemia. Pups received intra-peritoneal injection(s) of lactate (40 μmol). Size and apparent diffusion coefficients of brain lesions were assessed by magnetic resonance diffusion-weighted imaging. Oxiblot analyses and long-term behavioral studies were also conducted. A single lactate injection induced a 30% reduction in brain lesion volume, indicating a rapid and efficient neuroprotective effect. When oxamate, a lactate dehydrogenase inhibitor, was co-injected with lactate, the neuroprotection was completely abolished, highlighting the role of lactate metabolism in this protection. After three lactate injections (one per day), pups presented the smallest brain lesion volume and a complete recovery of neurological reflexes, sensorimotor capacities and long-term memory, demonstrating that lactate administration is a promising therapy for neonatal HI insult.

The role of PKMζ in the maintenance of long-term memory: a review

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hamish Patel ◽  
Reza Zamani
Keyword(s):  
Protein Kinase C ◽  
Protein Kinase ◽  
Long Term Potentiation ◽  
Global Memory ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Compensatory Mechanism ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Kinase C

Abstract Long-term memories are thought to be stored in neurones and synapses that undergo physical changes, such as long-term potentiation (LTP), and these changes can be maintained for long periods of time. A candidate enzyme for the maintenance of LTP is protein kinase M zeta (PKMζ), a constitutively active protein kinase C isoform that is elevated during LTP and long-term memory maintenance. This paper reviews the evidence and controversies surrounding the role of PKMζ in the maintenance of long-term memory. PKMζ maintains synaptic potentiation by preventing AMPA receptor endocytosis and promoting stabilisation of dendritic spine growth. Inhibition of PKMζ, with zeta-inhibitory peptide (ZIP), can reverse LTP and impair established long-term memories. However, a deficit of memory retrieval cannot be ruled out. Furthermore, ZIP, and in high enough doses the control peptide scrambled ZIP, was recently shown to be neurotoxic, which may explain some of the effects of ZIP on memory impairment. PKMζ knockout mice show normal learning and memory. However, this is likely due to compensation by protein-kinase C iota/lambda (PKCι/λ), which is normally responsible for induction of LTP. It is not clear how, or if, this compensatory mechanism is activated under normal conditions. Future research should utilise inducible PKMζ knockdown in adult rodents to investigate whether PKMζ maintains memory in specific parts of the brain, or if it represents a global memory maintenance molecule. These insights may inform future therapeutic targets for disorders of memory loss.

scholarly journals Enhanced Antimycobacterial Response to RecombinantMycobacterium bovis BCG Expressing Latency-Associated Peptide

2001 ◽  
Vol 69 (11) ◽  
pp. 6676-6682 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ben G. Marshall ◽  
Arun Wangoo ◽  
Peadar O'Gaora ◽  
H. Terry Cook ◽  
Rory J. Shaw ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Detrimental Effect ◽  
Transforming Growth Factor ◽  
Initial Response ◽  
Transforming Growth Factor Β ◽  
Mycobacterial Infection ◽  
Acute Stage ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Memory Response

ABSTRACT With a view to exploring the role of transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) during mycobacterial infection, recombinant clones of bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) were engineered to express the natural antagonist of TGF-β, latency-activated peptide (LAP). Induction of TGF-β activity was reduced when macrophages were infected with BCG expressing the LAP construct (LAP-BCG). There was a significant reduction in the growth of LAP-BCG in comparison to that of control BCG following intravenous infection in a mouse model. The enhanced control of mycobacterial replication was associated with an increase in the production of gamma interferon by splenocytes challenged during the acute stage of infection but with a diminished recall response assessed after 13 weeks. Organ weight and hydroxyproline content, representing tissue pathology, were also lower in mice infected with LAP-BCG. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that TGF-β has a detrimental effect on mycobacterial immunity. While a reduction in TGF-β activity augments the initial response to BCG vaccination, early bacterial clearance may adversely affect the induction of a long-term memory response by LAP-BCG.

Neuroprotective Effect of Long-term MgSO4 Administration After Cerebral Hypoxia-Ischemia in Newborn Rats Is Related to the Severity of Brain Damage

2007 ◽  
Vol 14 (7) ◽  
pp. 667-677 ◽  
Author(s):  
Evangelia Spandou ◽  
Vassiliki Soubasi ◽  
Stamatia Papoutsopoulou ◽  
Persefoni Augoustides-Savvopoulou ◽  
Theodoros Loizidis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Brain Damage ◽  
Neuroprotective Effect ◽  
Cerebral Hypoxia ◽  
Newborn Rats ◽  
Hypoxia Ischemia

scholarly journals HYPERMNESIA EUPHORIA OR ANY OTHER DESIRABLE FROM THE POINT OF VIEW OF THE CONSUMER, A PSYCHOTROPIC EFFECT - FIRST AND LEADING ELEMENT IN THE OCCURRENCE AND PRESERVATION OF THE BODY’S DEPENDENCE ON PSYCHOACTIVE FACTORS

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 40-46
Author(s):  
D G Baitubayev ◽  
M D Baitubayeva
Keyword(s):  
Substance Dependence ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Body ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Vegetative Nervous System ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Psychotropic Effect

The work shows the role of the vegetative nervous system (VNS) in the functioning of long-term memory, identity mechanisms of long-term memory in the human evolutionary adaptation and substance dependence. It is shown that, depending on the substance of the body are states like pro- gressive adaptation, that the bodycondition, depending on the chemical and psychogenic psychoactive- factors state of the same circle. It proposed the creation of a branch of medicine that combines study of the dependence of the organism, both on the chemical and psychoactive psychogenic factors. Given the classification of psychoactive factors.Onomastics formulated definitions of terminology changes and additions to be used in a new branch of medicine. Proposed allocation of the International Classifica- tion of diseases separate chapter for the classification of states like progressive adaptation of the body depending on psychoactive factors.

Language processing and language acquisition through the lens of Relational Morphology

2019 ◽  
pp. 201-232
Author(s):  
Ray Jackendoff ◽  
Jenny Audring
Keyword(s):  
Language Acquisition ◽  
Language Processing ◽  
Language Production ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Spreading Activation ◽  
Linguistic Representations ◽  
Memory Network ◽  
Complex Words

This chapter asks what is happening to linguistic representations during language use, and how representations are formed in the course of language acquisition. It is shown how Relational Morphology’s theory of representations can be directly embedded into models of processing and acquisition. Central is that the lexicon, complete with schemas and relational links, constitutes the long-term memory network that supports language production and comprehension. The chapter first discusses processing: the nature of working memory; promiscuous (opportunistic) processing; spreading activation; priming; probabilistic parsing; the balance between storage and computation in recognizing morphologically complex words; and the role of relational links and schemas in word retrieval. It then turns to acquisition, which is to be thought of as adding nodes and relational links to the lexical network. The general approach is based on the Propose but Verify procedure of Trueswell et al. (2013), plus conservative generalization, as in usage-based approaches.

scholarly journals Phenotypic plasticity as a long-term memory easing readaptations to ancestral environments

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (21) ◽  
pp. eaba3388 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei-Chin Ho ◽  
Diyan Li ◽  
Qing Zhu ◽  
Jianzhi Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Phenotypic Plasticity ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Reciprocal Transplant ◽  
The Tibetan Plateau ◽  
Future Evolution ◽  
Egg Hatchability ◽  
Plastic Changes ◽  
Transcriptomic Changes

Phenotypic plasticity refers to environment-induced phenotypic changes without mutation and is present in all organisms. The role of phenotypic plasticity in organismal adaptations to novel environments has attracted much attention, but its role in readaptations to ancestral environments is understudied. To address this question, we use the reciprocal transplant approach to investigate the multitissue transcriptomes of chickens adapted to the Tibetan Plateau and adjacent lowland. While many genetic transcriptomic changes had occurred in the forward adaptation to the highland, plastic changes largely transform the transcriptomes to the preferred state when Tibetan chickens are brought back to the lowland. The same trend holds for egg hatchability, a key component of the chicken fitness. These findings, along with highly similar patterns in comparable experiments of guppies and Escherichia coli, demonstrate that organisms generally “remember” their ancestral environments via phenotypic plasticity and reveal a mechanism by which past experience affects future evolution.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document