scholarly journals Visna-Maedi-Like Disease Associated with an Ovine Retrovirus Infection in a Corriedale Sheep

1980 ◽  
Vol 17 (5) ◽  
pp. 544-552 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. D. Sheffield ◽  
O. Narayan ◽  
J. D. Strandberg ◽  
R. J. Adams
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Brain Stem ◽  
Virus Replication ◽  
Lymphoid Hyperplasia ◽  
Cervical Cord ◽  
Pathologic Examination ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Retrovirus Infection ◽  
The Brain

A visna-maedi-like disease was found in a Corriedale sheep from which a retrovirus sharing the group antigen of visna-progressive pneumonia virus was isolated from lung, brain, and spleen. Clinically, the sheep had acute neurologic signs and dyspnea. Pathologic examination showed lesions similar to both visna and maedi. In the lung, there was a patchy interstitial pneumonia with marked lymphoid hyperplasia. Changes in the central nervous system were necrotizing nonsuppurative encephalitis of the brain stem, poliomyelitis of the cervical cord, and ependymitis and subependymal gliosis of the ventricles. Histologically, the central nervous system lesions seemed to have arisen sequentially, perhaps in response to bursts of virus replication as the agent underwent possible antigenic mutation. The severe lesions in both the central nervous system and lungs suggested a virus strain with dual tropism.

scholarly journals Synergistic Roles of Antibody and Interferon in Noncytolytic Clearance of Sindbis Virus from Different Regions of the Central Nervous System

2007 ◽  
Vol 81 (11) ◽  
pp. 5628-5636 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebeca Burdeinick-Kerr ◽  
Jennifer Wind ◽  
Diane E. Griffin
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Brain Stem ◽  
Virus Replication ◽  
Sindbis Virus ◽  
Infectious Virus ◽  
Scid Mice ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Ifn Γ ◽  
The Brain

ABSTRACT Sindbis virus (SINV) is an alphavirus that causes infection of neurons and encephalomyelitis in adult immunocompetent mice. Recovery can occur without apparent neurological damage. To better define the factors facilitating noncytolytic clearance of SINV in different regions of the central nervous system (CNS) and the roles of innate and adaptive immune responses at different times during infection, we have characterized SINV infection and clearance in the brain, brain stem, and spinal cords of severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) and C57BL/6 (wild-type [WT]) mice and mice deficient in beta interferon (IFN-β) (BKO), antibody (μMT), IFN-γ (GKO), IFN-γ receptor (GRKO), and both antibody and IFN-γ (μMT/GKO). WT mice cleared infectious virus by day 8, while SCID mice had persistent virus replication at all sites. For 3 days after infection, BKO mice had higher titers at all sites than WT mice, despite similar IFN-α production, but cleared virus similarly. GKO and GRKO mice cleared infectious virus from all sites by days 8 to 10 and, like WT mice, displayed transient reactivation at 12 to 22 days. μMT mice did not clear virus from the brain, and clearance from the brain stem and lumbar spinal cord was delayed, followed by reactivation. Eighty-one days after infection, μMT/GKO mice had not cleared virus from any site, but titers were lower than for SCID mice. These studies show that IFN-β is independently important for early control of CNS virus replication, that antiviral antibody is critical for clearance from the brain, and that both antibody and IFN-γ contribute to prevention of reactivation after initial clearance.

NEUROLOGIC DISEASES IN INFANCY AND CHILDHOOD

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1957 ◽  
Vol 19 (5) ◽  
pp. 949-957
Author(s):  
William A. Hawke ◽  
John S. Prichard
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Brain Stem ◽  
Developmental Patterns ◽  
Basic Emotions ◽  
Neurologic Diseases ◽  
Neurologic Disorders ◽  
Infancy And Childhood ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Brain

THE SEMINAR was conducted in four 3-hour sessions and aimed to cover the more important features of pediatric neurology. DEVELOPMENT Dr. Hawke reviewed the normal development of the central nervous system in the infant and child which is so important in the assessment of neurologic disorders in this age group. It was noted that the nervous system was particularly immature and changing rapidly in the first 2 years of life. Development was related to myelination and it was emphasized that this was not a steady process but a pattern of sequences of rapid and slow growth. Motor and sensory development appeared to develop from above and to proceed downward, so that eye-control develops before hand- and legcontrol. Development was related to three functioning levels of the central nervous system—the brain stem, the archipallium, and the neopallium. It was observed that the newborn baby functioned at the brain stem level, and to illustrate this an example was given of the hydranencephalic baby which behaves perfectly normally for the first few weeks of life. The anchipallium, which includes part of the temporal lobe, the cingulate gyrus and basal ganglia, supervenes on the brain stem and may be considered responsible for the basic emotions and some primitive motor and sensory control. The neopallium, which includes most of the cerebral hemisphere, becomes dominant in primates. Its function is intellectual rather than emotional and is responsible for skills, discrimination and fine movements. The clinical application of these developmental patterns are innumerable but illustrations were given of changes in physical signs in static brain lesions.

scholarly journals The Innate Immune Adaptor Molecule MyD88 Restricts West Nile Virus Replication and Spread in Neurons of the Central Nervous System

2010 ◽  
Vol 84 (23) ◽  
pp. 12125-12138 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristy J. Szretter ◽  
Stephane Daffis ◽  
Jigisha Patel ◽  
Mehul S. Suthar ◽  
Robyn S. Klein ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Virus Replication ◽  
Independent Effect ◽  
Type I ◽  
Rna Helicases ◽  
West Nile ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Brain

ABSTRACT Type I interferons (IFN-α/β) control viral infection by triggering the expression of genes that restrict transcription, translation, replication, and assembly. Many viruses induce IFN responses after recognition by cytoplasmic or endosomal RNA sensors (RIG-I-like RNA helicases [RLR] and Toll-like receptors [TLR]), which signal through the cognate adaptor signaling molecules IPS-1, TRIF, and MyD88. Recent studies have demonstrated that IPS-1-dependent induction of IFN-α/β downstream of RLR recognition restricts West Nile virus (WNV) infection in many cell types, whereas TRIF-dependent TLR3 signaling limits WNV replication in neurons. Here, we examined the contribution of MyD88 signaling to the control of WNV by evaluating IFN induction and virus replication in genetically deficient cells and mice. MyD88 − / − mice showed increased lethality after WNV infection and elevated viral burden primarily in the brain, even though little effect on the systemic type I IFN response was observed. Intracranial inoculation studies corroborated these findings, as WNV spread more rapidly in the central nervous system of MyD88 − / − mice, and this phenotype preceded the recruitment of inflammatory leukocytes. In vitro, increased WNV replication was observed in MyD88 − / − macrophages and subsets of neurons but not in myeloid dendritic cells. MyD88 had an independent effect on recruitment of monocyte-derived macrophages and T cells into the brain that was associated with blunted induction of the chemokines that attract leukocytes. Our experiments suggest that MyD88 restricts WNV by inhibiting replication in subsets of cells and modulating expression of chemokines that regulate immune cell migration into the central nervous system.

Vagovagal reflex control of digestion: afferent modulation by neural and "endoneurocrine" factors

1995 ◽  
Vol 268 (1) ◽  
pp. G1-G10 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. C. Rogers ◽  
D. M. McTigue ◽  
G. E. Hermann
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Brain Stem ◽  
Neural Control ◽  
Dorsal Vagal Complex ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Small Intestinal ◽  
Reflex Control ◽  
Control Circuits ◽  
The Brain

Vagovagal reflex control circuits in the dorsal vagal complex of the brain stem provide overall coordination of gastric, small intestinal, and pancreatic digestive functions. The neural components forming these reflex circuits are under substantial descending neural control. By adjusting the excitability of the differing components of the reflex, significant alterations in digestion control can be produced by the central nervous system. Additionally, the dorsal vagal complex is situated within a circumventricular region without a "blood-brain barrier." As a result, vagovagal reflex circuitry is also exposed to humoral influences, which can profoundly alter digestive functions by acting directly on brain stem neurons.

A Suspected New Storage Disease in Cattle

1982 ◽  
Vol 19 (6) ◽  
pp. 616-622 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. J. Hartley ◽  
R. F. Webb
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Brain Stem ◽  
Storage Disease ◽  
Nerve Fibers ◽  
Myelinated Nerve ◽  
Myelinated Nerve Fibers ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Motor Columns ◽  
The Brain

A suspected storage disease occurred in 50% of a group of five- to seven-month-old Hereford calves in one of four years following the same mating procedure. Lesions were confined to the central nervous system and consisted of multiple intraneuronal, cytoplasmic laminated cytosomes in restricted areas of the brain stem, together with extensive loss of myelinated nerve fibers in the motor columns of the cord.

The effect of undernutrition on the postnatal development of the brain and cord in pigs

1967 ◽  
Vol 166 (1005) ◽  
pp. 396-407 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Brain Stem ◽  
The Body ◽  
Chronological Age ◽  
Absolute Amount ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
One Year ◽  
The Brain

Sucking pigs about 2 weeks old were held back by undernutrition so that they weighed only 5 to 6 kg when they were a year of age. The brain and cord developed during this time to the size to be expected in a normal pig about 10 weeks old but, although they remained immature for their chronological age, the effect on the various constituents was not uniform. The accumulation of cholesterol was less retarded than that of DNA.P or the increase in brain weight. During rehabilitation on a highly satisfactory diet the final body w eight reached at 3 1/2 years was 80 % of that to be expected in an adult pig and was equivalent only to that of a normal pig two years old. The central nervous system grew to the appropriate size for the body. The percentage of cholesterol in the central nervous system rose during rehabilitation, but, particularly in the forebrain, brain stem and spinal cord, remained subnormal for the chronological age. The deficiency of DNA- P in the rehabilitated brain was even greater, and the absolute amount finally corresponded to that found in the brain of a norm alanimal only one year of age.

The influence of the central nervous system on metabolism and endocrine activity as based on transection of the brain stem in dogs

1955 ◽  
Vol 12 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 53-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
Evelyn Anderson ◽  
Kathryn Knowlton ◽  
William T. Spence ◽  
S. M. McCann ◽  
Gert L. Laqueur ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Brain Stem ◽  
Endocrine Activity ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Brain

Anxiolytic and antioxidant effects of Euterpe oleracea Mart. (açaí) seed extract in adult rat offspring submitted to periodic maternal separation

2020 ◽  
Vol 45 (11) ◽  
pp. 1277-1286
Author(s):  
Graziele Freitas de Bem ◽  
Anicet Okinga ◽  
Dayane Teixeira Ognibene ◽  
Cristiane Aguiar da Costa ◽  
Izabelle Barcellos Santos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Brain Stem ◽  
Maternal Separation ◽  
Seed Extract ◽  
Euterpe Oleracea ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Antioxidant Effects ◽  
Pituitary Adrenal Axis

Many studies suggest a protective role of phenolic compounds in mood disorders. We aimed to assess the effect of Euterpe oleracea (açaí) seed extract (ASE) on anxiety induced by periodic maternal separation (PMS) in adult male rats. Animals were divided into 6 groups: control, ASE, fluoxetine (FLU), PMS, PMS+ASE, and PMS+FLU. For PMS, pups were separated daily from the dam for 3 h between postnatal day (PN) 2 and PN21. ASE (200 mg·kg−1·day−1) and FLU (10 mg·kg−1·day−1) were administered by gavage for 34 days after stress induction, starting at PN76. At PN106 and PN108, the rats were submitted to open field (OF) and forced swim tests, respectively. At PN110, the rats were sacrificed by decapitation. ASE increased time spent in the center area in the OF test, glucocorticoid receptors in the hypothalamus, tropomyosin receptor kinase B (TRKB) levels in the hippocampus, and nitrite levels and antioxidant activity in the brain stem (PMS+ASE group compared with PMS group). ASE also reduced plasma corticotropin-releasing hormone levels, adrenal norepinephrine levels, and oxidative damage in the brain stem in adult male offspring submitted to PMS. In conclusion, ASE treatment has an anti-anxiety effect in rats submitted to PMS by reducing hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis reactivity and increasing the nitric oxide (NO)–brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)–TRKB pathway and antioxidant defense in the central nervous system. Novelty ASE has anti-anxiety and antioxidant effects in early-life stress. ASE reduces hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis reactivity. The anxiolytic effect of ASE may involve activation of the NO–BDNF–TRKB pathway in the central nervous system.

What Does the Brain Know About Blood Pressure?

Physiology ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. 266-271 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven W. Mifflin
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Brain Stem ◽  
Inhibitory Processes ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Brain

The integration of baroreceptor inputs within the central nervous system is modulated by a variety of inhibitory processes. It is proposed that, in hypertension, brain stem neurons adapt to increased excitatory baroreceptor inputs by increasing the efficacy of these inhibitory processes. Enhanced inhibition maintains some degree of reflex function in hypertension.

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