Pronival (protalus) ramparts: a review of forms, processes, diagnostic criteria and p alaeoenvi ronmental implications

1997 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 394-418 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.A. Shakesby
Keyword(s):  
Diagnostic Criteria ◽  
Critical Review ◽  
Correct Identification ◽  
Circular Reasoning ◽  
Constituent Material ◽  
Mechanisms Of Formation ◽  
Rock Glaciers

Most of the literature on pronival (protalus) ramparts deals with supposed fossil examples with very few studies devoted to active features and/or observed processes. Not surprisingly, this has led to circular reasoning and assumptions about typical rampart form, constituent material and genesis that have been shown to be inadequate or spurious from the few detailed investigations of actively forming ramparts so far carried out. Nevertheless, reliance continues to be placed on the characteristics of fossil features in the search for previously unidentified fossil examples. This article provides a critical review of rampart terminology, morphology and sedimentology, mechanisms, 'diagnostic' criteria, position in a continuum of talus-derived landforms and palaeoclimatic significance. It is suggested that the descriptor pronival is preferable to the widely used protalus, as the latter is misleadingly restrictive in terms of the known range of possible locations. Greater variability in terms of form and mechanisms of formation than most workers assume is indicated by recent studies of active features, with multiple as well as single ridges, fines and edge-worn as well as coarse angular clasts being found, and a variety of supranival and also subnival processes regarded as possibly contributing to rampart formation. It is concluded that only when further investigations of actively forming ramparts have been carried out, will it be possible to compile a reliable list of criteria for dist inguishing ramparts from moraines, protalus rock glaciers and other bedrock cliff-foot deposi tional forms. Correct identification of fossil ramparts may then lead to a better understanding of 1) their place in a continuum of talus-derived landforms; and 2) their potential as palaeoclimatic indicators.

Do We Really Know the Prevalence of MIH?

2016 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 259-263 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Hernandez ◽  
JR Boj ◽  
E Espasa
Keyword(s):  
Diagnostic Criteria ◽  
Size Range ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Cochrane Library ◽  
Correct Identification ◽  
Selection Methods ◽  
Online Databases ◽  
Molar Incisor Hypomineralization ◽  
The World ◽  
Age Range

Aim: To analyze the existing variability on molar incisor hypomineralization prevalence in the literature; to distinguish the various molar incisor hypomineralization prevalence rates in different countries, areas, and regions of the world; and to know the valid diagnostic criteria used for the correct identification of molar incisor hypomineralization prevalence. Study design: A literature review from Medline® and Cochrane Library® online databases was performed using five terms individually or in combination. Articles not reporting diagnostic criteria employed and articles not written English were excluded. The results were analyzed by country, region, year of study, sample size, range of age, and prevalence rate. Results: A total of 37 articles in English were selected from 1987 to 2014 and from those only 14 employed the EAPD's 2003 diagnostic criteria. The reported age range varied from 5.5 to 17 years; the most frequently range used was 7 to 9 years. A wide prevalence range from 2.8% to 44% was found and 82.61% of the articles reported calibrated examiners. Conclusions: Comparison among the results of the studies is difficult due to the use of different indexes and diagnostic criteria, the analysis variability, selection methods, and different age groups. In reality, we are probably far from knowing the real MIH prevalence.

Comparability of the Clinical Diagnostic Criteria for Vascular Dementia: A Critical Review. Part I

2008 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 150-161 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandra Wiederkehr ◽  
Martine Simard ◽  
Claudette Fortin ◽  
Robert van Reekum
Keyword(s):  
Vascular Dementia ◽  
Diagnostic Criteria ◽  
Critical Review ◽  
Clinical Diagnostic ◽  
Clinical Diagnostic Criteria

scholarly journals Diagnosing adenomyosis: an integrated clinical and imaging approach

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 392-411 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles Chapron ◽  
Silvia Vannuccini ◽  
Pietro Santulli ◽  
Mauricio S Abrão ◽  
Francisco Carmona ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diagnostic Criteria ◽  
Pelvic Pain ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Histopathological Diagnosis ◽  
Correct Identification ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Imaging Approach ◽  
Clinical Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Invasive Techniques

Abstract BACKGROUND Adenomyosis is a benign uterine disorder where endometrial glands and stroma are pathologically demonstrated within the uterine myometrium. The pathogenesis involves sex steroid hormone abnormalities, inflammation, fibrosis and neuroangiogenesis, even though the proposed mechanisms are not fully understood. For many years, adenomyosis has been considered a histopathological diagnosis made after hysterectomy, classically performed in perimenopausal women with abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB) or pelvic pain. Until recently, adenomyosis was a clinically neglected condition. Nowadays, adenomyosis may also be diagnosed by non-invasive techniques, because of imaging advancements. Thus, a new epidemiological scenario has developed with an increasing number of women of reproductive age with ultrasound (US) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) diagnosis of adenomyosis. This condition is associated with a wide variety of symptoms (pelvic pain, AUB and/or infertility), but it is also recognised that some women are asymptomatic. Furthermore, adenomyosis often coexists with other gynecological comorbidities, such as endometriosis and uterine fibroids, and the diagnostic criteria are still not universally agreed. Therefore, the diagnostic process for adenomyosis is challenging. OBJECTIVE AND RATIONALE We present a comprehensive review on the diagnostic criteria of adenomyosis, including clinical signs and symptoms, ultrasound and MRI features and histopathological aspects of adenomyotic lesions. We also briefly summarise the relevant theories on adenomyosis pathogenesis, in order to provide the pathophysiological background to understand the different phenotypes and clinical presentation. The review highlights the controversies of multiple existing criteria, summarising all of the available evidences on adenomyosis diagnosis. The review aims also to underline the future perspective for diagnosis, stressing the importance of an integrated clinical and imaging approach, in order to identify this gynecological disease, so often underdiagnosed. SEARCH METHODS PubMed and Google Scholar were searched for all original and review articles related to diagnosis of adenomyosis published in English until October 2018. OUTCOMES The challenge in diagnosing adenomyosis starts with the controversies in the available pathogenic theories. The difficulties in understanding the way the disease arises and progresses have an impact also on the specific diagnostic criteria to use for a correct identification. Currently, the diagnosis of adenomyosis may be performed by non-invasive methods and the clinical signs and symptoms, despite their heterogeneity and poor specificity, may guide the clinician for a suspicion of the disease. Imaging techniques, including 2D and 3D US as well as MRI, allow the proper identification of the different phenotypes of adenomyosis (diffuse and/or focal). From a histological point of view, if the diagnosis of diffuse adenomyosis is straightforward, in more limited disease, the diagnosis has poor inter-observer reproducibility, leading to extreme variations in the prevalence of disease. Therefore, an integrated non-invasive diagnostic approach, considering risk factors profile, clinical symptoms, clinical examination and imaging, is proposed to adequately identify and characterise adenomyosis. WIDER IMPLICATIONS The development of the diagnostic tools allows the physicians to make an accurate diagnosis of adenomyosis by means of non-invasive techniques, representing a major breakthrough, in the light of the clinical consequences of this disease. Furthermore, this technological improvement will open a new epidemiological scenario, identifying different groups of women, with a dissimilar clinical and/or imaging phenotypes of adenomyosis, and this should be object of future research.

scholarly journals Wide QRS tachycardias: the rationale behind electrocardiographic diagnostic criteria

2020 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 147-155
Author(s):  
Leonardo Marinucci ◽  
William Azem Chalela
Keyword(s):  
Diagnostic Criteria ◽  
Correct Identification

Wide QRS tachycardias represent one of the most challenging scenarios in the interpretation of the electrocardiogram, even among experienced professionals or specialists. The various existing diagnostic criteria are essential tools for the correct identification of the origin of tachycardia, however, the knowledge of the electrophysiological principles of cardiac depolarization is fundamental to understand them, thus allowing greater accuracy in the interpretation of the exam.

Identification of the Oligocene to early Miocene loricariid catfish †Taubateia paraiba as a member of the Rhinelepinae

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Jonathan W. Armbruster ◽  
Nathan K. Lujan
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Molecular Clock ◽  
Early Miocene ◽  
Primary Sources ◽  
Correct Identification ◽  
Circular Reasoning ◽  
Time Calibration ◽  
Molecular Phylogenies ◽  
Taxonomic Groups

Correct identification of fossil taxa is immensely important for dating molecular phylogenies and understanding when and how quickly modern biodiversity evolved. Fossils that are available for a clade of interest and can be directly incorporated in the phylogenetic analysis are considered primary sources of time calibration, whereas calibrations inferred from other studies are secondary (Arroyave et al., 2013). Studies of taxonomic groups that lack fossils must either expand their analyses to include fossilized outgroup lineages, use secondary calibrations, or use more problematic primary calibrations, e.g., vicariant geologic events. The use of vicariant geologic events to calibrate phylogenies poses the risk of circular reasoning, because the goal of many such studies is to determine how geologic events have affected diversification. Near et al. (2012) argued that fossil calibrations external to clades of interest, but still within the broader Actinopterygian (ray-finned fishes) tree, could be used as means of calibrating a generalized molecular clock, but internal calibrations are still valuable for refining such inferences (Arroyave et al., 2013).

Validity of the Clinical Diagnostic Criteria for Vascular Dementia: A Critical Review. Part II

2008 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 162-177 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandra Wiederkehr ◽  
Martine Simard ◽  
Claudette Fortin ◽  
Robert van Reekum
Keyword(s):  
Vascular Dementia ◽  
Diagnostic Criteria ◽  
Critical Review ◽  
Clinical Diagnostic ◽  
Clinical Diagnostic Criteria

Cervicogenic headache: a critical review of the current diagnostic criteria

Pain ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 78 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Massimo Leone ◽  
Domenico DʼAmico ◽  
Licia Grazzi ◽  
Angelo Attanasio ◽  
Gennaro Bussone
Keyword(s):  
Diagnostic Criteria ◽  
Critical Review ◽  
Cervicogenic Headache
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