The measurement of cognitive structures: a constructivist approach

1999 ◽  
Vol 38 (4) ◽  
pp. 659-681 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rolf Oerter

This article considers the investigation of cognitive structures in a constructivist perspective, using the example of the measurement of the concept of human nature (Menschenbild). It is argued that the instruments used (adulthood interview and dilemma stories) elicit the subject's short-term (actual) and long-term (available declarative knowledge) constructive activity. However, the investigation includes at the same time the pre- and post-constructive activity of the researcher and interviewer, who introduce their own knowledge, opinions and theoretical concepts. The results presented are: general levels of the concept of human nature, some specific structures produced by the subjects, content analytical categories, patterns, and figures of reasoning. The outcome of the investigation is interpreted as a co-construction of both the subject and the researcher (interviewer/rater), indicating shared cultural knowledge that is brought via the research process to a more explicit and clear structure.

2017 ◽  
Vol 54 (3) ◽  
pp. 427-445 ◽  
Author(s):  
Obeimar B Herrera ◽  
Manuel Parra ◽  
Iris Livscovsky ◽  
Pedro Ramos ◽  
Daniela Gallardo

Abstract In recent decades, most multilateral organizations and other agents of change have used the theoretical approach of sustainable livelihoods to guide their work. This approach has been criticized in recent years for promoting a short-term materialist focus in development projects, thus limiting its practical usefulness and feasibility. Due to the necessity for renewed proposals, a group of community cargos and researchers have developed a long-term comparative retrospective study that goes beyond the conventional approach. It provides a framework with a broader theoretical scope and applied utility grounded on local self-management: lifeways and territorial innovation. Our constructivist approach, based on Bourdieu´s Social Reproduction theory, is aimed at promoting and triggering a sense of territoriality within the communities and further onto the more extensive territory. Since the work was developed along with people from rural communities, we utilized the concept of Social Learning as to enrich the former theoretical principle.


Author(s):  
Joshua D. Carmichael ◽  
Andrew D. Thiel ◽  
Phillip S. Blom ◽  
Jacob I. Walter ◽  
Fransiska K. Dannemann Dugick ◽  
...  

ABSTRACT We report on the source of seismoacoustic pulses that were observed across the state of Oklahoma (OK) during summer of 2019, and the subject of national media coverage and speculation. Seismic network data collected across four U.S. states and interviews with witnesses to the pulse’s effect on residential structures demonstrate that they were triggered by routine ammunition disposal operations conducted by McAlester Army Ammunition Plant (McAAP). During these operations, conventional explosives destroy obsolete munitions stored in pits through a controlled sequence of electronically timed shots that occur over tens of minutes. Despite noise-abatement efforts that reduce coupling of acoustic energy with air, some lower frequency, subaudible (infrasonic) sound radiates from these shots as discrete pulses. We use nine months of blast log documents, seismic network records, analyst picks, and physical modeling to demonstrate that seismic stations as far as 640 km from McAAP sample these pulses, which record seasonal patterns in stratospheric and tropospheric winds, as well as the dynamic formation of waveguides and shadow zones. Digital short-term average to long-term average detectors that we augment with dynamic thresholds and time-binning operations identify these pulses with a fair probability, when compared with visual observations. Our analyses thereby provide estimates of observation rates for both partial and full sequences of these pulses, as well as single shots. We suggest that disposal operations can exploit existing, composite seismic networks to predict where residents are likely to witness blasting. Crucially, our data also show that dense seismic networks can record multiscale atmospheric processes in the absence of infrasound arrays.


Philosophy ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 77 (4) ◽  
pp. 481-482

There are, it seems, 30 or more philosophical societies in Britain. Some, such as the Aristotelian Society or the Mind Association, are mostly for professional philosophers, but of all stripes. Others, such as the Royal Institute of Philosophy, are for anyone interested in philosophy, whether professional or, in the best sense, amateur—that is, not paid for their philosophy. Then there are those smaller, but by no means unworthy bodies, which cater for interest in some special branch of philosophy, such as phenomenology or philosophy of religion or of science. There are societies for European philosophy, for the history of philosophy, for applied philosophy, for women in philosophy, and for much else besides.If not exactly chaos, it all testifies to a real and possibly fruitful diversity in the British philosophical world. But in the last year or so, leading figures in many of the societies have been meeting to discuss forming an umbrella organization to encompass the whole lot. Whether this umbrella is to provide shelter for philosophers from squalls raining down on us from above, or whether it is for some other purpose, is not entirely clear.That there are squalls, at least for those teaching the subject in universities and elsewhere is clear. Teachers everywhere, from universities to primary schools, suffer from a deluge of managerial irrelevance, much of it apparently predicated on the latest managerial nostrum. According to the Government's own guru of ‘delivery’, managers no longer need to ‘win hearts and minds’, but should rather push through short term measures for long term gains, come what may. We have little idea what this means, but it sounds unpleasant. There may well be a case for an Association to speak with one voice on behalf of a profession which needs a degree of freedom from management in which to teach and to think, and which is increasingly called on to respond as a profession to managerial initiatives.But not, we would hope, to speak with one voice on anything else. A one voice philosophy is a contradiction in terms, even were there only one philosopher. Nor does philosophy need a slate of people to speak to the media and the general public. It would be too much like a list of officially licensed authorities where there should be no authority. And it will not work anyway. Good producers and editors will continue to consult the philosophers they know and like, just as they always have.


2014 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 33-54
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Lisowska ◽  
Alexander Cortez

At the end of the year 2012, Food and Chemical Toxicology published a long-term study by Seralini et al., describing the safety evaluation of genetically modified NK603 maize and Roundup herbicide. Contrary to previous, short-term studies, this experiment revealed some negative effects of these substances on the health of experimental animals. GM feeds and Roundup generate revenue worth millions of dollars. This may be the reason why Seralini’s paper has became the subject of much heated criticism, mainly from parties linked to business and agro-biotechnology. After one year of debate, the editors of Food Chem Toxicol. decided to retract the paper, an unprecedented event given that the published article was peer-reviewed and there was no evidence of plagiarism or fraud. Here, we stress the results of Seralini’s study, discuss the methodological hints of that work and cite the commentaries on the whole situation.


Filomat ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 30 (15) ◽  
pp. 4223-4234
Author(s):  
Yilin Wang ◽  
Lei Ruan

Whether internal control and cash dividend will have an interactive synergetic effect on enterprise performance or not is a study of both theoretical value and practical significance. Consequently, this article adopts a two-stage investment decision research process, explains the complex theoretical relationship among internal control, cash dividend and enterprise performance and, taking the Chinese A-share motherboard as an example, further explores their interactive synergetic effect. The research concludes that: (1) Internal control and cash dividend can contribute to the improvement of both short-term and longterm enterprise performance; (2) Internal control and cash dividend do have a significant synergetic effect, however there is a large disparity between the synergetic effect on short-term and long-term enterprise performance. In addition, the study finds that internal control and cash dividends are mutually regulative, thereby diminishing the positive impact on short-term enterprise performance and conversely enhancing the positive impact on long-term enterprise performance respectively.


2021 ◽  
Vol 80 (316) ◽  
pp. 109
Author(s):  
Eduardo Ramírez Cedillo ◽  
Francisco López Herrera

<p>Se analiza la relación del crecimiento económico con el gasto público de 16 países latinoamericanos de 1990 a 2017. Este trabajo contribuye a la literatura sobre el tema enfocándose en la región. Los resultados de un modelo para paneles cointegrados respaldan la ley de Wagner en el largo plazo y brindan evidencia parcial a favor de las hipótesis de Keynes en el corto plazo.</p><p><strong> </strong></p><p align="center">PUBLIC SPENDING AND GROWTH IN LATIN AMERICA:</p><p align="center">WAGNER´S LAW AND KEYNES’S HYPOTHESIS<strong></strong></p><p align="center"><strong>ABSTRACT</strong></p><p>The relationship between economic growth and public spending in 16 Latin American countries from 1990 to 2017 is analyzed. This paper contributes to the literature on the subject focusing on the region. The results from a model of cointegrated panels support Wagner’s Law in the long term and provides partial evidence in favor of the Keynesian hypotheses in the short term.</p>


2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 58-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lu Liu ◽  
Chunyan Li ◽  
Peng Yang ◽  
Jian Zhu ◽  
Dongmei Gan ◽  
...  

Alendronate (ALN) is a commonly used drug for the treatment of osteoporosis. Atypical femur fractures (AFFs) have been associated with long-term use of ALN and have recently become the subject of considerable attention as ALN use increases. This meta-analysis aimed to determine the relationship between ALN and AFF. The Embase, PubMed, and Cochrane library databases were searched for relevant studies published before November 6, 2014. Studies clearly reporting the relationship between ALN and AFF were selected for our analysis. From these results, the relationship between ALN and AFF was analyzed. Weighted mean differences were calculated using a random-effects model. Five studies were included in this meta-analysis. The results revealed that the use of ALN will not increase the risk of AFF in short term (P>0.05), but there will be a risk of AFF (P<0.05) with long-term (>5 years) use of ALN. These findings indicate that long-term use of ALN is a risk factor for AFF and that more attention should be paid to the clinical applications of ALN.


2003 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 74-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
Svein Magnussen ◽  
Mark W. Greenlee ◽  
Per Matti Aslaksen ◽  
Ole Øystein Kildebo

Experiments on short-term perceptual memory for elemental visual attributes, such as contrast, motion, orientation, and spatial frequency, have relied on a delayed discrimination technique in which the subject compares two stimuli presented at different points in time and memory is indexed by discrimination thresholds measured for the different time intervals between reference and test. In a variant of this procedure, used in experiments on long-term memory, the presentation of a single reference is followed by a memory test that combines two-alternative forced-choice decisions with the method of constant stimuli. With this procedure, it is impossible to distinguish the effects of criterion-setting processes and memory on performance, but this confound can be eliminated by testing many subjects and having each subject make a single decision. The resulting “group thresholds” are stable across time intervals of 24 hr, confirming previous findings of high-fidelity storage in the long-term memory range.


Author(s):  
Sara Rhouas ◽  
Mustapha Bouchekourte ◽  
Norelislam El Hami

Liquidity and volatility are the two barometers that allow stock markets to appreciate in terms of attractiveness, profitability and efficiency. Several macroeconomic and microstructure variables condition the level of liquidity that directly impact the asset allocation decisions of different investor profiles − institutional and individuals − and therefore the dynamics of the market as a whole. Volatility is the regulatory component that provides information on the level of risk that characterizes the market. Thus, the appreciation of these two elements is of considerable help to fund managers looking to optimize their equity pockets. In this work, we will use the liquidity ratio as a proxy variable for the liquidity of the Moroccan stock market, to estimate the indicators and factors that determine its short- and long-term variability. The appropriate econometric method would be to estimate an error correction vector model (ECVM) which has the property of determining the long- and short-term relationships between the variables. The volatility of the MASI index will be the subject of a second estimate to capture the shape of the function of its evolution.


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