Neurology and Sleep Research

This brief review documents some of the important contributions of recent sleep research to the understanding of a number of neurological conditions. Narcoleptic attacks have been shown to be either episodes of NREM or REM sleep; and cataplexy, sleep paralysis and vivid hypnagogic hallucinations consist of dissociated or inappropriate REM sleep. Important relationships of the hypersomnias and various comas to sleep mechanisms are being increasingly elucidated. Various types of epileptic seizures have been found to be affected differentially by the two types of sleep and by arousal from them; and sleep deprivation may activate or perpetuate epilepsy. Finally, some miscellaneous conditions, such as dyskinesias, cerebrovascular accidents, migraine, and memory and repair functions have been considered. As well as being of pathophysiological interest, much of this new knowledge has a direct diagnostic and therapeutic relevance.

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Electrophysiological and neurochemical evaluation of the adverse effects of REM sleep deprivation and epileptic seizures on rat's brain

Life Sciences ◽

10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119303 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 273 ◽

pp. 119303

Author(s):

Haitham S. Mohammed ◽

Yasser A. Khadrawy

Keyword(s):

Adverse Effects ◽

Sleep Deprivation ◽

Rem Sleep ◽

Epileptic Seizures ◽

Rem Sleep Deprivation

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Total sleep deprivation in the rat transiently abolishes the delta amplitude response to darkness: implications for the mechanism of the “negative delta rebound”

Journal of Neurophysiology ◽

10.1152/jn.1993.70.6.2695 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 70 (6) ◽

pp. 2695-2699 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

I. Feinberg ◽

I. G. Campbell

Keyword(s):

Sleep Deprivation ◽

Rem Sleep ◽

Nrem Sleep ◽

Sleep Research ◽

Amplitude Response ◽

Total Sleep Deprivation ◽

Sleep Physiology ◽

Total Failure ◽

Delta Sleep ◽

Homeostatic Model

1. The homeostatic model of delta sleep has provided a useful framework for basic sleep research. This model is based on the relation of delta EEG to the duration of prior waking in man, a relation highlighted by the marked increase (rebound) in the delta EEG of nonrapid eye movement (NREM) sleep that follows total sleep deprivation (TSD). The generality of this model is severely challenged by the response to TSD in the rat. In the 12-h light period (LP) that immediately follows TSD, the rat shows a massive increase in REM sleep but only a modest increase in NREM delta EEG. Although this initial delta increase does not nearly compensate for the delta lost during deprivation, the rat then exhibits a depressed rate of delta production (the “negative delta rebound”). This robust and reproducible reaction worsens the delta deficit. 2. Using rats with chronic electrode implantations, we deprived them of all sleep for 24 h by handling them gently when they became inactive. We found that the negative delta rebound entails a transient, near-total failure of delta amplitude to increase normally in response to the onset of darkness. This loss of the rat's EEG response to darkness suggests a disruption of basic sleep physiology and raises the possibility that the negative rebound is also a pathological response. 3. We hypothesize that the negative rebound is maladaptive, and is caused by the massive increase in REM sleep that precedes it; this hypothesis can be tested experimentally.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

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What do we know about sleep paralysis?

Current Problems of Psychiatry ◽

10.2478/cpp-2018-0014 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 19 (3) ◽

pp. 174-184

Author(s):

Paulina Wróbel-Knybel ◽

Michał Flis ◽

Rafał Dubiel ◽

Hanna Karakuła-Juchnowicz

Keyword(s):

Mental Disorders ◽

Rem Sleep ◽

Cultural Context ◽

Somatic Symptoms ◽

The Body ◽

Somatic Complaints ◽

Bibliographic Databases ◽

Sleep Paralysis ◽

Somatic Disorders ◽

Hypnagogic Hallucinations

Summary Introduction: Sleep paralysis (SP) is a condition that widely occurs among people all over the world. It has been known for thousands of years and is rooted in the culture of many countries. It arouses strong emotions, though still little is known about it. The clinical picture of the disorder can be very diverse. It is often accompanied by hypnopompic and hypnagogic hallucinations, somatic complaints and the feeling of intense anxiety. A feeling of paralysis in the body with inhibited consciousness is always observed with the experience. SP pathophysiology is not fully understood, however, most theories explaining this phenomenon are based on the assumption that it results from dysfunctional overlap of REM sleep and wakefulness. It is experienced by healthy people, but it is more often associated with somatic and mental disorders, which is why it is becoming an object of interest for researchers. Aim: The aim of this work is to present the most important information about the disorder known as sleep paralysis - its history, cultural context, pathophysiology, prevalence, symptomatology, coexistence with other somatic and mental disorders as well as diagnostics and available forms of prevention and treatment. Materials and methodology: The available literature was reviewed using the Google Scholar bibliographic databases searching the following keywords: sleep paralysis, REM sleep parasomnias, sleep disorder, night terrors and time descriptors: 1980-2018. Results 1. Sleep paralysis has already been described in antiquity, and interpretations related to its occurrence are largely dependent on culture and beliefs. 2. Symptomatology of the disorder is very diverse: both mental and somatic symptoms are present. 3. The pathophysiology of the disorder has not been fully explained. The basis of most theories regarding sleep paralysis is the assumption that it results from the dysfunctional overlap of REM sleep and wakefulness. 4. The prevalence of SP at least once in a lifetime is 7.6% in the general population, although it is estimated that it is much more frequent in people with various mental and somatic disorders. 5. Treatment of SP is associated with a change in lifestyle and the use of pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy.

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Alcohol and Narcolepsy

The British Journal of Psychiatry ◽

10.1192/bjp.117.541.705 ◽

1970 ◽

Vol 117 (541) ◽

pp. 705-706 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Donald W. Goodwin ◽

Frank Freemon ◽

Benjamin M. Ianzito ◽

Ekkehard Othmer

Keyword(s):

Eye Movement ◽

Rem Sleep ◽

Muscle Tone ◽

Sleep Paralysis ◽

Rapid Eye Movement ◽

Sleep Studies ◽

Transient Loss ◽

Abnormal Sleep ◽

Hypnagogic Hallucinations

Narcolepsy is a syndrome characterized by recurrent sleep attacks and one or more of the following symptoms: cataplexy (transient loss of muscle tone), sleep paralysis (inability to move in the transition between sleep and arousal), and hypnagogic hallucinations (Sours, 1963). Polygraphic sleep studies indicate that narcoleptics have an abnormal sleep record. Normally, rapid eye movement (REM) sleep is preceded by 90 to 100 minutes of non-REM sleep, whereas narcoleptics often have an REM-period at the onset of sleep (Hishikawa and Kaneki, 1965; Rechtschaffen et al., 1963).

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Investigation of the effect of REM sleep deprivation on epileptic seizures caused by pentylenetetrazole in mice

Experimental Biomedical Research ◽

10.30714/j-ebr.2020361050 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 3 (3) ◽

pp. 149-156

Author(s):

Recep Akkaya ◽

Sebahattin Karabulut ◽

Ahmet Sevki Taskiran

Keyword(s):

Sleep Deprivation ◽

Rem Sleep ◽

Epileptic Seizures ◽

Rem Sleep Deprivation

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Exoskeletons, Rehabilitation and Bodily Capacities

Body & Society ◽

10.1177/1357034x211025600 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1357034X2110256

Author(s):

Denisa Butnaru

Keyword(s):

Spinal Cord ◽

Spinal Cord Injury ◽

Crucial Role ◽

Spinal Cord Injuries ◽

Main Task ◽

Cerebrovascular Accidents ◽

Complex Processes ◽

Cord Injury ◽

Neurological Conditions

Motility impairments resulting from spinal cord injuries and cerebrovascular accidents are increasingly prevalent in society, leading to the growing development of rehabilitative robotic technologies, among them exoskeletons. This article outlines how bodies with neurological conditions such as spinal cord injury and stroke engage in processes of re-appropriation while using exoskeletons and some of the challenges they face. The main task of exoskeletons in rehabilitative environments is either to rehabilitate or ameliorate anatomic functions of impaired bodies. In these complex processes, they also play a crucial role in recasting specific corporeal phenomenologies. For the accomplishment of these forms of corporeal re-appropriation, the role of experts is crucial. This article explores how categories such as bodily resistance, techno-inter-corporeal co-production of bodies and machines, as well as body work mark the landscape of these contemporary forms of impaired corporeality. While defending corporeal extension rather than incorporation, I argue against the figure of the ‘cyborg’ and posit the idea of ‘residual subjectivity’.

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