scholarly journals Fighting the Minotaur: Resistance to technological change in the Mediterranean sponge fishing industry, 1840-1922

2020 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 337-353
Author(s):  
Maïa Fourt ◽  
Daniel Faget ◽  
Thierry Pérez
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Community Structure ◽  
Technological Change ◽  
Aegean Sea ◽  
Fishing Industry ◽  
Financial Investments ◽  
Geographical Expansion ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
Hard Hat

In the first half of the nineteenth century, industrialization increased the demand for sponges extracted by the sponge fishermen of the Dodecanese Archipelago in the Aegean Sea. This had widespread repercussions, leading to increasing numbers of sponge fishermen, the geographical expansion of fishing zones and the evolution and diversification of fishing techniques. In this context, foreign sponge traders imposed the hard-hat diving suit, which enabled divers to remain underwater for several hours without surfacing. It was therefore perceived as being more efficient than traditional skin-diving. But this equipment greatly exacerbated the physical risks faced by the divers, with injuries and fatalities increasing markedly. It also required heavy financial investments that compounded the losses of fishermen and their families. With hindsight, these investments were catalysts of the major socio-economic upheaval that followed. As well as provoking mass revolt among the islanders of the Dodecanese, this entailed modifications in crews and community structure as a nascent model of capitalist organization marked the development of the sponge fishery.

scholarly journals THE MERCURIO GUNFLINTS: A TECHNO-TYPOLOGICAL AND CULTURAL ASSESSMENT

2016 ◽  
Vol 96 ◽  
pp. 363-389 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paolo Biagi ◽  
Elisabetta Starnini ◽  
Carlo Beltrame
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Northern Italy ◽  
Size And Shape ◽  
Manufacturing Technique ◽  
The North ◽  
Major Significance ◽  
Cultural Assessment ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
Napoleonic Era ◽  
Small Finds

The discovery of the wreck of the brig Mercurio, which sank in 1812 in the waters of the north Adriatic, is of major significance for the study of Italic Kingdom vessels from the Napoleonic era. The underwater excavations carried out in 2004–11 led to the recovery of many small finds, among which are several gunflints of different size and shape. The Mercurio gunflints were produced mainly from blades using a technique in use in Britain and France, but also in the workshops of the Lessini Hills around Ceredo (Verona province, northern Italy). We suggest that the flint employed for their manufacture probably came from Monte Baldo, in the Trentino, or perhaps from the River Tagliamento, in Friuli. We can exclude the possibility that the specimens recovered from the shipwreck were made from French flint because of the typically north Italian manufacturing technique and the character of the grey Treveti-derived flint. Given the complexity of the period during which the Grado (or Pirano) battle took place, the study of even such small items can contribute to a better interpretation of the dramatic events that characterised the beginning of the nineteenth century in that part of the Mediterranean.

Surgeon Captain Sheldon F Dudley and the person to person spread of brucellosis by inhalation

2010 ◽  
Vol 96 (3) ◽  
pp. 185-187
Author(s):  
H V Wyatt
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Confined Spaces ◽  
The Mediterranean

AbstractAnalysis of brucellosis epidemics in ships of the Mediterranean fleet in the nineteenth century are most easily explained by aerosol transmission in grossly overcrowded, hot and humid confined spaces.

scholarly journals European Officers and the Mainland Irregular Forces on the Ionian Islands, 1798–1814: A Comparison of Command and Tactics

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 119-142
Author(s):  
Nicholas Pappas
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
Napoleonic Wars ◽  
Early Nineteenth Century ◽  
Ionian Islands ◽  
War Of Independence ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
Irregular Forces ◽  
Of Greece ◽  
Successes And Failures

In the era of the Napoleonic wars, the Ionian Islands off the western coasts of Greece and southern Albania became a base of operations and an area of conflict in the Mediterranean in the years 1797–1814. In that period, Republican French, Russian, Imperial French, and British forces successively occupied these Greek-populated islands, formerly Venetian possessions. Each of these powers attempted to establish a nominally independent "Septinsular Republic" under their protectorate. There were efforts by all of these powers to organize native armed forces, some raised from among refugees from the mainland-bandits (klephtes), former Ottoman irregulars (armatoloi), and clansmen from the autonomous regions of Himara, Souli, and Mani. Although these refugee warriors were skilled in the use of weapons-flintlock firearms, sabres and yataghans-they fought and were organized according to traditions and methods that were different and considered "obsolete" in early nineteenth century Europe. This study will look into the organization, training and command of these troops by Russian, French, and British officers. It will study the successes and failures of these officers in forming these native warriors into regular or semi-regular forces. It will also examine how the attitudes and activities of these officers helped to develop the armed forces of the Greek War of Independence, 1821–1830. Keywords: Napoleonic wars, Ionian Islands, armatoloi and klephtes, military forces

scholarly journals New Mediterranean Marine biodiversity records (June 2013)

2013 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 238 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. SIOKOU ◽  
A.S. ATES ◽  
D. AYAS ◽  
J. BEN SOUISSI ◽  
T. CHATTERJEE ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mediterranean Sea ◽  
Aegean Sea ◽  
Marine Biodiversity ◽  
Red Data Book ◽  
Gulf Of Tunis ◽  
The North ◽  
Levantine Sea ◽  
Data Book ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
Flora Of Cyprus

This paper concerns records of species that have extended their distribution in the Mediterranean Sea. The finding of the rare brackish angiosperm Althenia filiformis in the island of Cyprus is interesting since its insertion in the Red Data Book of the Flora of Cyprus is suggested. The following species enriched the flora or fauna lists of the relevant countries: the red alga Sebdenia dichotoma (Greece), the hydrachnid mite Pontarachna adriatica (Slovenia), and the thalassinid Gebiacantha talismani (Turkey). Several alien species were recorded in new Mediterranean localities. The record of the burrowing goby Trypauchen vagina in the North Levantine Sea (Turkish coast), suggests the start of spreading of this Lessepsian immigrant in the Mediterranean Sea. The findings of the following species indicate the extension of their occurrence in the Mediterranean Sea: the foraminifer Amphistegina lobifera (island of Zakynthos, Greece), the medusa Cassiopea andromeda (Syria), the copepod Centropages furcatus (Aegean Sea), the decapod shrimp Melicertus hathor (island of Kastellorizo, Greece), the crab Menoethius monoceros (Gulf of Tunis), the barnacles Balanus trigonus, Megabalanus tintinnabulum, Megabalanus coccopoma and the bivalves Chama asperella, Cucurbitula cymbium (Saronikos Gulf, Greece).

The October 30, 2020 tsunami in the eastern Aegean Sea: Intensity mapping on Samos island based on the Integrated Tsunami Intensity Scale (ITIS 2012)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marilia Gogou ◽  
Ioanna Triantafyllou ◽  
Spyridon Mavroulis ◽  
Efthimis Lekkas ◽  
Gerassimos A. Papadopoulos
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Effects ◽  
Aegean Sea ◽  
Maximum Height ◽  
Intensity Scale ◽  
Mobile Objects ◽  
Intensity Mapping ◽  
Eastern Aegean ◽  
Intensity Map ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
Tsunami Intensity

<p>On October 30, 2020, an Mw=7.0 earthquake occurred offshore northern Samos Island (Eastern Aegean, Greece). It was felt over a large area extending from Samos to Peloponnese in Greece and from Izmir to Istanbul in Turkey. It triggered many earthquake environmental effects and damage to buildings resulting in 119 fatalities in both countries. Among the triggered phenomena, tsunami waves with maximum height ~3.35 m struck mainly the northern coastal part of Samos Island and then other islands in the Aegean Sea including Chios, Andros, Ikaria Islands, and the western coast of Turkey.</p><p>In order to assess the tsunami intensity in Samos Island, the Integrated Tsunami Intensity Scale (ITIS 2012) was applied. ITIS 2012 is a recently introduced 12-grade scale ranging from I (not felt) to XII (completely devastating) and it is based on the assessment of a large number of objective criteria, grouped in six categories (physical quantities, impact on humans, impact on mobile objects, impacts on infrastructure, environmental effects and impact on structures).</p><p>In this context, the above information and data were used for the October 30, 2020 tsunami in Samos. Observations and measurements during a field survey conducted in Samos shortly after the event by the authors were mainly used for assigning intensities. Moreover, other sources included eyewitness, photos and videos from locals capturing the type and the extent of the tsunami impact as well as reports on the qualitative and quantitative tsunami properties and impact on the natural and built coastal environment were also used. Based on the recorded data and information and the guidelines for applying ITIS 2012, tsunami quantities and impact on humans, mobile objects, coastal infrastructure, the natural environment and buildings were taken into account. All available data were added and edited in a database in Geographic Information Systems (GIS) environment, specially designed for the purpose of the study. Then, the respective tsunami intensities were assigned in the studied sites. Moreover, interpolation methods have been also used in order to obtain zones of different intensity in the inundated coastal areas. The results included an ITIS 2012 intensity map of Samos Island.</p><p>Based on the assigned intensities, the October 30, 2020 tsunami is characterized as a moderate to strong event with considerable impact on all ITIS 2012 categories. The spatial distribution and the amount of the tsunami effects along the coastal area of Samos enabled the compilation of an intensity map with high resolution indicating that this scale works well for modern events with large amounts of effects and related information. Moreover, the individual criteria of the ITIS 2012 successfully complemented each other resulting in a detailed, concise and precise intensity map.</p><p>This is the first time that the ITIS 2012 is applied for a modern tsunami with large amounts of effects in the Mediterranean Region and especially the Aegean Sea. The results could be used for a more effective disaster risk management and risk mitigation strategies for tsunami in the Mediterranean Sea.</p>

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