The Historical Development of International Law Enforcement Cooperation—The Case of Interpol

Drawing out the theme of conflict between practice of police cooperation and political imperatives, Saskia Hufnagel shows how modern police cooperation grew up in continental Europe from harmonized practices imposed during the Napoleonic era. She shows how minimal political engagement and the overriding concern with technical matters carried through to the founding conferences that led to Interpol.

Parading the Temporary: Cosmoramas, Panoramas, and Spectacles in Early Nineteenth-Century Paris

The revolution of 1789 prompted various socio-cultural changes that deeply affected French society. Alongside the sense of instability that these events provoked, there are a number of open-air amusements, shows, exhibitions, and theatrical representations, from the Directoire and through the Napoleonic era. This chapter aims to analyze the mechanisms that allowed the development of these spaces. Ephemerality and temporality are central to this investigation, often determining the development of the space, its construction and functions, but also the cultural practices this comprehension of the space engendered. My objective is to discuss the visual models and cultural references enabling the rearrangement of existing areas and the rise of new “spheres” devoted to the consumption of entertainment.

LANGUAGE MEANS OF EXPRESSION OF FICTION ELEMENTS IN POLITICAL DISCOURSE

In this article we consider the category of fiction in political discourse - its language expression and the reasons for its appearance. In the process of research, we found out that one of the most important language means of expressing fiction in political discourse is metaphor and all its manifestations in the text. Metaphors convey a special, fantastic perception of the world. But, besides metaphors, the use of metonymy, hyperbole, litotes, comparisons, epithets, etc. also helps to form the category of the fantastic. We will consider the use of elements of the fantastic in political discourse on the example of the famous book “Maxims and Thoughts of Saint Helena Prisoner” in which Count de Las Cases, who voluntarily followed Napoleon Bonaparte in his exile, captured the emperor's statements, his aphorisms, fragments of political speeches, etc. Napoleon Bonaparte created authorial myths about himself, his rule and his army (the Great Army, Grande Armee), captured in his political speeches, letters, maxims and appeals to soldiers and contemporaries. From a literary and linguistic point of view, the very form chosen by Napoleon to express his political and philosophical judgments - maxims, aphorisms - is of interest. The result of our research is that the category of the fantastic in the political discourse of the Napoleonic era is the place to be and includes the use of metaphors, epithets, hyperbole, grotesques, personification, special comparisons and repetitions, as well as allusions, reminiscences, explicit and hidden quoting.

Studying “useful plants” from Maria Theresa to Napoleon: Continuity and invisibility in agricultural science, northern Italy, the late eighteenth to early nineteenth century

This article analyzes Italian research and experimentation on the economic potential of certain plant species in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, also providing insight into beekeeping and honey production. It focuses on continuity of method and progress across regimes and on the invisibility of many of the actors involved in the development of agricultural science and food research. Specifically, “continuity” refers to the continuation of certain threads of Old-Regime experimentation by the scientific apparatus put in place during the Napoleonic era. These threads were reworked and strengthened with the new means available to Frenchified Europe. The concept of “invisibility” derives from an expression by Steven Shapin and refers to actors who contributed to the development of agricultural science while remaining in the shadows. These include various types of technicians and members of rural society who supported the scientific work of scholars without receiving overt recognition. Continuity and invisibility were therefore two fundamental components both in the epistemological development of agricultural science and in the improvement of food research. The article analyzes case studies mainly from northern Italy – or rather, the various geopolitical entities existing in this geographical region – during the late Old Regime and the Napoleonic era, comparing them with examples from all over Europe.

Sentymentalny wymiar „napoleońskich” wspomnień Franciszka Wiktora Dmochowskiego

The article focuses on showing memoirs of Napoleonic era – Franciszek Wiktor Dmochowski’s <em>Letters from a Former Sergeant Major</em> (Pol. <em>Pisma byłego wachmistrza</em>; 1843) – as a sign of vivacity of sentimentalism at the end of early part of the 19^th century. Two-strip structure of narration – recording of historical data and recording of subjective emotional experiences – shows accordance with typical sentimental regulation: the more intensive inner life the richer description of external reality. The motif of unfortunate love plays an important part in carrying a recollection. Apart of sentimentally conventionalized narrative structure the work of Dmochowski is perceived by its editor, Andrzej Edward Koźmian, in the way that indicates a publishing manner of sentimentalism. The publisher in his <em>Preface</em> creates the author of memoirs according with sentimental anthropological patterns and explains this creation referring sentimental axiology which he consents to.

Napoleonic Era in the Historical Memory of Modern France: Anniversary as a Means of Commemorations

Jubilees as “rituals” of memory, reviving stable historical symbols in the consciousness of society, are endowed with the ability to bring the past closer to modern times, giving humanity a sense of stability in the present. In modern Europe, the problem of preserving images of the past has acquired a new sound in connection with migration processes, transforming the perception of jubilees of memorable dates in historical politics and in public consciousness. This process is most clearly observed in relation to the transformation of images of the Napoleonic era in French society. Two hundred years later, the symbols of the First Empire, becoming an integral part of the national consciousness and living memory of the French, gained relevance during the celebration of the 200th anniversary of the battles of Napoleon. The memory of the battles of the Napoleonic era in modern France passed from a “ceremonial” memory (battle as national pride) to a “metaphorical” (battle as a distant past that has no political connection with modern Europe). The “French jubilees” of the Napoleonic era demonstrated that interpreting the past can become an effective tool for implementing an integration project at the level of historical policy, but not the basis for European collective memory. Obviously, the general European installation on the victim memory leads to a completely reverse process — an aggravation of the sense of national identity.