Cohort Increases in Sex with Same-Sex Partners: Do Trends Vary by Gender, Race, and Class?

2020 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 178-209 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emma Mishel ◽  
Paula England ◽  
Jessie Ford ◽  
Mónica L. Caudillo
Keyword(s):  
White Men ◽  
Mass Incarceration ◽  
Sex Partners ◽  
Birth Cohorts ◽  
Same Sex ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Social Surveys ◽  
Race And Class ◽  
Lower Socioeconomic ◽  
Using Data

We examine change across U.S. cohorts born between 1920 and 2000 in their probability of having had sex with same-sex partners in the last year and since age 18. Using data from the 1988–2018 General Social Surveys, we explore how trends differ by gender, race, and class background. We find steep increases across birth cohorts in the proportion of women who have had sex with both men and women since age 18, whereas increases for men are less steep. We suggest that the trends reflect an increasingly accepting social climate, and that women’s steeper trend is rooted in a long-term asymmetry in gender change, in which nonconformity to gender norms is more acceptable for women than men. We also find evidence that, among men, the increase in having had sex with both men and women was steeper for black than for white men, and for men of lower socioeconomic status; we speculate that the rise of mass incarceration among less privileged men may have influenced this trend.

scholarly journals Increases in Sex with Same-Sex Partners Across U.S. Cohorts Born 1920-1998: A Race-Gender Intersection

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emma Mishel ◽  
Paula England ◽  
Jessie Ford ◽  
Monica Caudillo
Keyword(s):  
Black Men ◽  
White Men ◽  
Mass Incarceration ◽  
Sex Partners ◽  
Birth Cohorts ◽  
Same Sex ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Social Surveys ◽  
Race And Class

We examine change across U.S. cohorts born between 1920 and 1998 in their probability of having had sex with same-sex partners last year and since age 18. We explore how trends differ by gender, race and class background. We use data from the 1988-2016 General Social Surveys. We find steady increases across birth cohorts in the proportion of men and women who have had both male and female sexual partners since age 18. A key finding is a race-gender intersection: black men and women of all races had similar increases— increases which were much steeper than those observed for white men. We suggest that women’s increase is rooted in a long-term asymmetry in gender change, in which nonconformity to gender norms in many arenas is more acceptable for women than men. As the increase for men is largest among black men—and this is the population most affected by the rise of mass incarceration—we suggest the latter may be a contributing factor.

Gelijke opleiding, verschillende opbrengsten : Een onderzoek naar genderongelijkheid in het effect van opleidingsniveau op de mate van leidinggeven

2020 ◽  
Vol 95 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-28
Author(s):  
Anneke de Hamer ◽  
Ineke Maas
Keyword(s):  
Gender Inequality ◽  
Returns To Education ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Education Level ◽  
Birth Cohorts ◽  
Capital Theory ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Equal Education ◽  
Onderzoek Naar ◽  
Using Data

Abstract Equal education, different returns: Research into gender inequality in the effect of education level on the degree of supervisionThe aim of this article is to investigate whether the effect of individuals’ education level on the degree of supervision their position holds, differs between men and women and how this has changed over birth cohorts. Drawing on the human capital theory and the glass ceiling metaphor, hypotheses on gender differences in the returns to education and how these change with birth cohort and age, are formulated. The hypotheses are tested using data from the Dutch Labor Supply Panel. We find that the returns to education are smaller for women than for men. This is the case in all age groups and birth cohorts. However, no evidence was found that women from earlier cohorts profit more from their education than women from later cohorts. Women and men born between 1961 and 1970 have the highest returns to education, as well as middle aged women and men.1

Life Satisfaction in Germany After Reunification: Additional Insights on the Pattern of Convergence

2016 ◽  
Vol 236 (2) ◽  
pp. 217-239 ◽  
Author(s):  
Inna Petrunyk ◽  
Christian Pfeifer
Keyword(s):  
Life Satisfaction ◽  
Household Income ◽  
German Reunification ◽  
Birth Cohorts ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Federal States ◽  
German Federal States ◽  
Using Data ◽  
East West ◽  
Overall Life Satisfaction

Abstract The authors update previous findings on the total East-West gap in overall life satisfaction and its trend by using data from the German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP) for the years 1992 to 2013. Additionally, the East-West gap and its trend are separately analyzed for men and women as well as for four birth cohorts. The results indicate that reported life satisfaction is on average significantly lower in East than in West German federal states and that part of the raw East-West gap is due to differences in household income and unemployment status. The conditional East-West gap decreased in the first years after the German reunification and remained quite stable and sizeable since the mid-nineties. The results further indicate that gender differences are small. But the East-West gap is significantly smaller and shows a trend towards convergence for younger birth cohorts.

scholarly journals INTRASEXUAL COMPETITION AMONG HUMANS: PROSOCIAL TOWARDS THE OPPOSITE SEX AND PROSELF TOWARDS THE SAME SEX?

2017 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 42-50
Author(s):  
Grzegorz Pajestka
Keyword(s):  
Intrasexual Competition ◽  
Value Orientation ◽  
Social Value ◽  
Social Value Orientation ◽  
Sex Partners ◽  
Same Sex ◽  
Orientation Measurement ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Measurement Tools ◽  
Opposite Sex

In a research conducted on a sample of participants from three countries (N = 256): Poland, Ukraine and Denmark, a hypothesis of the moderating impact of other person sex on the level of social value orientation of men and women was tested. The study applied the now rarely used method of measuring social value orientation: the Warsaw Method, which was expected to reveal more subtle differences between men and women than those observed in the studies using the most popular social value orientation measurement tools, such as decomposed games. The direction of the observed relationship proved to be compatible with the predictions resulting from the phenomenon of intrasexual competition for a partner, however only in the case of men. Men were more prosocial in interaction with women than with other men, and more pro-self- interacting with men rather than women. Similar relationships assumed in the case of women were only partially confirmed: women were more pro-self in interaction with same-sex partners compared to interactions with opposite sex partners (however, the relationship was statistically significant only within the individualistic value orientation), but at the same time they were prosocial (but only within the cooperative value orientation). Keywords: intrasexual competition, social value orientation, sex differences.

scholarly journals Prevalence of Sexual Aggression Victimization and Perpetration in a German University Student Sample

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara Krahé ◽  
Isabell Schuster ◽  
Paulina Tomaszewska
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Aggression ◽  
Research Literature ◽  
Sex Partners ◽  
Prevalence Rates ◽  
Same Sex ◽  
Student Sample ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Victimization Rate ◽  
Opposite Sex

AbstractThis study examined the prevalence of sexual aggression perpetration and victimization in a sample of 1,172 students (755 female, 417 male) from four universities in Germany. All participants were asked about both victimization by, and perpetration of, sexual aggression since the age of 14 years, using the Sexual Aggression and Victimization Scale (SAV-S). Prevalence rates were established for different coercive strategies, sexual acts, and victim–perpetrator relationships. Both same-sex and opposite-sex victim–perpetrator constellations were examined. The overall victimization rate was 62.1% for women and 37.5% for men. The overall perpetration rate was 17.7% for men and 9.4% for women. Prevalence rates of both victimization and perpetration were higher for participants who had sexual contacts with both opposite-sex and same-sex partners than for participants with exclusively opposite-sex partners. Significant overlap was found between victim and perpetrator status for men and women as well as for participants with only opposite-sex and both opposite-sex and same-sex partners. A disparity between (higher) victimization and (lower) perpetration reports was found for both men and women, suggesting a general underreporting of perpetration rather than a gendered explanation in terms of social desirability or the perception of consent cues. The findings are placed in the international research literature on the prevalence of sexual aggression before and after the #metoo campaign, and their implications for prevention efforts are discussed.

Femininity and Fertility in Sisters with Twin Brothers: Prenatal Androgenization? Cross-Sex Socialization?

2002 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 263-267 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard J. Rose ◽  
Jaakko Kaprio ◽  
Torsten Winter ◽  
Danielle M. Dick ◽  
Richard J. Viken ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Longitudinal Studies ◽  
Prenatal Exposure ◽  
Pubertal Development ◽  
Growing Up ◽  
Birth Cohorts ◽  
Same Sex ◽  
Child Bearing ◽  
Opposite Sex ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Matched Samples

Are sisters of twin brothers behaviorally or physiologically masculinized? Prenatal exposure to their brothers' androgens and postnatal socialization experiences unique to girls growing up with twin brothers might influence their attitudes, pubertal development, and reproductive histories. To investigate, we studied age- and cohort-matched samples of Finnish sisters from same-sex and opposite-sex twin pairs. Using data from two ongoing longitudinal studies of consecutive birth cohorts of Finnish twins, we assessed pubertal development at ages 11 and 14 and endorsement of attitudes associated with femininity at age 16. We also studied fertility in Finnish women from same- and opposite-sex twin pairs born from 1958 through 1971, obtaining information on their child-bearing histories when they were ages 15 to 28. Results of each comparison were unambiguously negative: There was no evidence of differences between sisters from same- and opposite-sex twin pairs, and thus, no evidence of either androgenization or cross-sex socialization.

scholarly journals Race and Trends in Pornography Viewership, 1973-2016: Examining the Moderating Roles of Gender and Religion

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel Perry ◽  
Cyrus Schleifer
Keyword(s):  
Black Men ◽  
Racial Differences ◽  
White Women ◽  
White Men ◽  
Moral Issue ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Social Surveys ◽  
Pornography Use ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Over Time

While some research has uncovered racial differences in patterns of pornography viewership, no studies to date have considered how these patterns may be changing over time or how these trends may be moderated by other key predictors of pornography viewership, specifically, gender and religion. Using nationally representative data from the 1973-2016 General Social Surveys (N = 20,620), and taking into account different ethno-religious histories with pornography as a moral issue, we examine how race, gender, and religion intersect to influence trends in pornography viewership over 43 years. Analyses reveal that black Americans in general are more likely to view pornography than whites, and they are increasing in their pornography viewership at a higher rate than whites. Moreover, black men are more likely to consume pornography than all other race-gender combinations, but only differ from white women in their increasing rate of pornography viewership. Lastly, frequent worship attendance only moderates trends in pornography viewership for white men. By contrast, regardless of attendance frequency, black men and women show increasing rates of pornography use while white women show flat rates. We conclude by discussing the implications of these findings for research on the intersections of race, gender, religion, and sexuality.

How Cohorts, Education, and Ideology Shaped a New Sexual Revolution on American Attitudes toward Nonmarital Sex, 1972–1998

2002 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 267-283 ◽  
Author(s):  
Judith Treas
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Relative Income ◽  
Sexual Revolution ◽  
Birth Cohorts ◽  
Same Sex ◽  
Social Surveys ◽  
Religious Services ◽  
Lower Education ◽  
Education Groups

Data from the 1972–98 General Social Surveys document changes in attitudes toward premarital, extramarital, homosexual, and teenage sex. This analysis demonstrates the liberalizing effect of cohort succession but also finds intracohort change in attitudes as the birth cohorts age. Intracohort change dominated recent dramatic declines in disapproval of homosexuality. As theories of individualism and postmaterialism suggest, higher education, secularism, and relative income are associated with greater tolerance of homosexuality. Although the young and those who do not attend religious services frequently led the 1988–98 declines in disapproval of same-sex relations, the diffusion of permissive values from higher to lower education groups is also evident.

Race Difference in Auditory Sensitivity

1964 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 389-393 ◽  
Author(s):  
David C. Shepherd ◽  
Robert Goldstein ◽  
Benjamin Rosenblüt
Keyword(s):  
White Women ◽  
White Men ◽  
Sensitivity Study ◽  
Auditory Sensitivity ◽  
Race Difference ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Auditory Thresholds ◽  
Békésy Audiometry ◽  
Method Of Adjustment ◽  
Better Than

Two separate studies investigated race and sex differences in normal auditory sensitivity. Study I measured thresholds at 500, 1000, and 2000 cps of 23 white men, 26 white women, 21 negro men, and 24 negro women using the method of limits. In Study II thresholds of 10 white men, 10 white women, 10 negro men, and 10 negro women were measured at 1000 cps using four different stimulus conditions and the method of adjustment by means of Bekesy audiometry. Results indicated that the white men and women in Study I heard significantly better than their negro counterparts at 1000 and 2000 cps. There were no significant differences between the average thresholds measured at 1000 cps of the white and negro men in Study II. White women produced better auditory thresholds with three stimulus conditions and significantly more sensitive thresholds with the slow pulsed stimulus than did the negro women in Study II.

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