Development of Clinical Pharmacy Key Performance Indicators for Hospital Pharmacists Using a Modified Delphi Approach

2015 ◽  
Vol 49 (6) ◽  
pp. 656-669 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olavo Fernandes ◽  
Sean K. Gorman ◽  
Richard S. Slavik ◽  
William M. Semchuk ◽  
Steve Shalansky ◽  
...  
2021 ◽  
Vol 74 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mia Losier ◽  
Douglas Doucette ◽  
Olavo Fernandes ◽  
Sarah Mulrooney ◽  
Kent Toombs ◽  
...  

Background: The clinical pharmacy key performance indicators (cpKPIs) are quantifiable measures of quality to advance clinical pharmacy practice and improve patient care. Although when delivered in combination they have been linked to important patient outcomes, no data are available relating to their impact on hospital pharmacists’ job satisfaction. Objectives: To determine the level of job satisfaction among Canadian hospital pharmacists and whether participation in cpKPI activities contributes to hospital pharmacists’ job satisfaction. Methods: A mixed-methods study was conducted. An electronic survey, consisting of 36 questions, was developed using a validated pharmacist job satisfaction tool and was then distributed nationally to hospital pharmacists between January 30 and March 14, 2019. Focus groups were conducted with pharmacists at Horizon Health Network in New Brunswick to further explore activities that contribute to their job satisfaction. Results: Overall, 284 pharmacists from 9 provinces completed the electronic survey. The mean job satisfaction score among hospital pharmacists was 3.93 (standard deviation 0.85) out of 5. Job satisfaction scores increased with increases in self-identified time spent performing cpKPI activities (r = 0.148, p = 0.014). Pharmacist satisfaction increased with time spent performing medication reconciliation on admission (β = 0.140, p = 0.032) and decreased with time spent identifying and resolving drug therapy problems (β = –0.153, p = 0.030). Three focus groups, comprising a total of 13 pharmacists, were conducted; during these sessions, some cpKPIs were highlighted favourably, although pharmacists described some ambivalence toward patient education. The importance of having an impact and receiving appreciation was highlighted. Conclusions: Canadian hospital pharmacists are generally satisfied with their jobs, and participation in cpKPI activities was found to be positively associated with hospital pharmacists’ job satisfaction. RÉSUMÉ Contexte : Les indicateurs clés de performance de la pharmacie clinique (ICPpc) sont des mesures quantifiables de la qualité qui permettent de faire avancer la pratique en pharmacie et d’améliorer les soins du patient. Bien qu’ils aient été associés à des résultats importants pour les patients lorsqu’ils sont utilisés conjointement, aucune donnée concernant leur impact sur la satisfaction professionnelle des pharmaciens d’hôpitaux n’est disponible. Objectifs : Déterminer le degré de satisfaction professionnelle des pharmaciens d’hôpitaux canadiens et noter si la participation aux activités liées aux ICPpc y contribue. Méthodes : Une étude à méthodologie mixte a été menée. À l’aide d’un outil validé mesurant la satisfaction professionnelle du pharmacien, les investigateurs ont préparé une enquête électronique comprenant 36 questions, qui a été distribuée à l’échelle nationale aux pharmaciens d’hôpitaux entre le 30 janvier et le 14 mars 2019. Des groupes de travail comprenant des pharmaciens au Réseau de santé Horizon au Nouveau-Brunswick ont exploré plus en profondeur les activités qui contribuaient à leur satisfaction professionnelle. Résultats : Globalement, 284 pharmaciens de neuf provinces ont répondu à l’enquête électronique. Le score moyen de satisfaction des pharmaciens d’hôpitaux était de 3,93 (écart type 0,85) sur 5. Les scores relatifs à la satisfaction professionnelle augmentaient lorsque le temps passé à faire des activités liées aux ICPpc augmentait (r = 0,148, p = 0,014). La satisfaction du pharmacien augmentait quand il passait du temps à faire le bilan comparatif des médicaments au moment de l’admission (β = 0,140, p = 0,032) et diminuait quand il devait déterminer et résoudre des problèmes de pharmacothérapie (β = –0,153, p = 0,030). Trois groupes de discussion comprenant 13 pharmaciens au total se sont penchés sur la question. Pendant leurs séances, ils ont mis en valeur certains ICPpc, bien que les pharmaciens aient décrit des ambivalences concernant les instructions données au patient. Ils ont aussi souligné l’importance d’avoir un effet positif et d’être apprécié. Conclusions : Les pharmaciens d’hôpitaux canadiens sont généralement satisfaits de leur travail et la participation à des activités liées aux ICPpc est associée à leur satisfaction professionnelle.


2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca Rich ◽  
Thomsen D’Hont ◽  
Kellie E. Murphy ◽  
Jeremy Veillard ◽  
Susan Chatwood

Abstract Background Meaningful performance measurement requires indicators to be scientifically robust and strategically focused. For many circumpolar states, indicators aligned with national strategies may ignore the priorities of northern, remote, or Indigenous populations. The aim of this project was to identify contextually appropriate performance indicators for maternity care in circumpolar regions. Methods Fourteen maternity care and health systems experts participated in a modified Delphi consensus process. The list of proposed indicators was derived from a previously published scoping review. Fourteen participants rated each proposed indicator according to importance, circumpolar relevance, validity, and reliability and suggested additional indicators for consideration. Results Consensus was achieved after two rounds, as measured by a Cronbach’s alpha of 0.87. Eleven indicators, many of which represented physical health outcomes, were ranked highly on all four criteria. Twenty-nine additional indicators, largely focused on social determinants of health, health care responsiveness, and accessibility, were identified for further research. Travel for care, cultural safety and upstream structural determinants of health were identified as important themes. Conclusions This study identified the important gaps between current performance measurement strategies and the context and values that permeate maternal-child health in circumpolar regions. The indicators identified in this study provide an important foundation for ongoing work. We recommend that future work encompass an appreciation for the intersectoral nature of social, structural, and colonial determinants of maternal-child health in circumpolar regions.


2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nagwa Ibrahim

Key performance indicators (KPIs) are measurable tools to keep track of progress on a specific performance objective of an institution. By selecting the proper KPI, we can identify the area of improvement in structure, process and outcome. KPIs should be SMART (Specific, Measurable, Attainable, Relevant, and Time bound). In addition, KPIs should be easy to understand, evidence based, reliable, acceptable and feasible. Clinical pharmacy key performance indicator (cp KPI) is a standard quantitative measure of progress for a specific clinical activity performed by clinical pharmacist. These cp KPIs serve as objective indicators to measure the efficiency of delivery of evidence-based patient care. The clinical services provided might be upon patient admission, during admission and at discharge in addition to outpatient services. Medication reconciliation at admission, pharmaceutical care plan and patient counseling at discharge are examples for process KPI for clinical services provided by pharmacist, while rate of adverse drug reaction and patient re admission are examples for outcome KPI. In conclusion application of cp KPI and quality metric is a great opportunity to give the general public a valuable insight into the contributions of clinical pharmacists to improve the overall quality of clinical care. This could help the profession demonstrate how pharmacy knowledge and skills are used to deliver patient outcomes rather than the supply of medicines. Selecting the suitable cp KPI will help us improve clinical pharmacy services and patient outcome.


2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca Rich ◽  
Thomsen D'Hont ◽  
Kellie Murphy ◽  
Jeremy Veillard ◽  
Susan Chatwood

Abstract Background Meaningful performance measurement requires indicators to be scientifically robust and strategically focused. For many circumpolar states, indicators aligned with national strategies may ignore the priorities of northern, remote, or Indigenous populations. The aim of this project was to identify contextually appropriate performance indicators for maternity care in Northern regions. Methods A scoping review generated a working list of indicators. Fourteen maternity care and health systems experts then participated in a modified Delphi consensus process. Participants rated proposed indicators according to importance, circumpolar relevance, validity, and reliability and suggested additional indicators for consideration. Results Consensus was achieved after two rounds. Eleven indicators were rated highly on all four criteria. Twenty-nine indicators, largely focused on social determinants of health, health care responsiveness, and accessibility, were identified for further research. Conclusions The Delphi approach was effective in identifying indicators for maternity care in Northern regions. Further research and collaboration with key stakeholders is necessary to further develop indicators of health system responsiveness and accessibility.


PLoS ONE ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. e0152903 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura V Minard ◽  
Heidi Deal ◽  
Megan E Harrison ◽  
Kent Toombs ◽  
Heather Neville ◽  
...  

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