The impact of maternal child- and self-oriented pain-related injustice appraisals upon maternal attention to child pain, attention to anger, and pain-attending behavior

Objectives The current study investigated the role of maternal child- and self-oriented injustice appraisals about child pain in understanding maternal attention for child pain and adult anger cues and pain-attending behavior. Methods Forty-four children underwent a painful cold pressor task (CPT) while their mother observed. Eye tracking was used to measure maternal attention to child pain and adult anger cues. Initial attention allocation and attentional maintenance were indexed by probability of first fixation and gaze duration, respectively. Maternal pain-attending behaviors toward the child were videotaped and coded after CPT completion. Mothers also rated the intensity of pain and anger cues used in the free-viewing tasks. All analyses controlled for maternal catastrophizing about child pain. Results Neither child-oriented nor self-oriented injustice was associated with maternal attentional bias toward child pain. Regarding attention toward self-relevant anger cues, differential associations were observed for self- and child-oriented injustice appraisals, with maternal self-oriented injustice being associated with a greater probability of first fixating on anger and with higher anger ratings, whereas maternal child-oriented injustice was associated with enhanced attentional maintenance toward anger. Neither type of maternal injustice appraisals was associated with maternal pain-attending behavior, which was only associated with maternal catastrophizing. Conclusions The current study sheds light on potential differential mechanisms through which maternal self- vs. child-oriented injustice appraisals may exert their impact on parent and child pain-related outcomes. Theoretical implications and future directions are discussed.

An Intervention Study in Healthy Booklet of Child Under Five Years in Baubau City

Utilization healthy booklet the provision of information to mothers of child under 5 years of age who have Maternal Child Healthy Booklet with additional information of nutritional intake or local supplementary feeding, health care, stimulation and visit to posyandu (center of integrated health services) through the lecture questioning method with using modules and leaflets. This study aims to determine the intervention utilization healthy booklet against growth and development of child under 5 years of age. The type of research used in this study is quasi experiment with non-randomized pre-test-post-test control group design. Sampling technique is exhaustive sampling amounted to 100 respondents. Where there are 2 groups (intervention and control), each amounted to 50 respondents. The result showed that there was a significant difference of knowledge (p=0.000), attitude (p=0.000) and practice (p=0.000) of before and after obtaining intervention. Conclution in this study is utilization maternal child Healthy Booklet more effective to improve linear retradation and cognition of child under 5 years of age at Baubau City.

Under-Utilization of Maternal-Child Healthcare Services and Adverse Outcomes of Unwanted Pregnancies in Urban and Rural Areas of Indonesia

The study examines the association of unwanted pregnancy and the utilization of maternal-child health services, and the adverse health outcomes in urban and rural settings. The study employed data from the 2017 Indonesia Demographic Health Survey that included 13,806 live births; the mothers were not pregnant at the interview and were married participants. The multiple logistic regression analysis concerning residential areas was conducted separately to compare outcomes related to unwanted pregnancy. Non-standard antenatal care visits (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]=1.7; 95% confidence interval [CI]=1.2–2.4), prolonged labor (AOR=1.6; 95% CI=1.2–2.1), the absence of child’s birth documentation (AOR=1.3; 95% CI=1.0–1.6), and smaller baby size (AOR=1.2; 95% CI=1.0–1.4) are associated with unwanted pregnancy in urban areas. In rural settings, on the other hand, unwanted pregnancy is associated with non-standard antenatal care (AOR=1.6; 95% CI=1.2–2.2). Therefore, in Indonesia, urban areas lack maternal-child healthcare services utilization and higher adverse events due to unwanted pregnancy than rural areas. An adjustment approach is required in maternal-child health-related programs in both areas, particularly for women living in urban.

The Effect of Maternal Traumatic Life Events and Social Support on Maternal-Child Interaction at Child Age 3 Years

Introduction: Becoming a parent is a very important role and responsibility in people’s lives and knowing the role traumatic life events (TLEs) may play on a mother-child relationship is a very important area to explore. TLEs are known to have adverse effect on individuals; however, little is known regarding the effect of maternal TLEs on maternal-child interaction. Social support has been known to positively affect the overall wellbeing of individuals, but little is known about the effect of social support on mothers who experienced TLEs and interaction with their children thus the need for this study. This study examines the effect of maternal TLEs and social support on maternal-child interaction. The Child Health Assessment Model and the Barnard Model will be used in this study. This study will examine the occurrence and severity of maternal TLEs and levels of social support and their relationship with sociodemographic factors of mothers and their 3-year-olds. It will examine the relationship between maternal TLEs, and maternal-child interaction measured by the NCAST Parent-Child Interaction (PCI) Teaching scale at child age 3 years; maternal social support and maternal-child interaction at child age 3 years; maternal TLEs and social support with maternal-child interaction at child age 3 years. Method: This study was a secondary analysis of data from the Conditions Affecting Neurocognitive Development and Learning in Early Childhood (CANDLE) study, a longitudinal cohort study designed to improve the health, development, and well-being of children in Shelby County, Tennessee. Researchers recruited 1503 women in their second trimester of pregnancy. Data were collected at the 2nd and 3rd trimesters, at the child's birth, and from mother-child dyads at different points through child age three years. Nine hundred and eighty-six mother-child dyads were included in this analysis. Data analysis was performed using R version 4.0.3 (2020-10-10). The CANDLE Study Publications and Presentations Committee approved a Manuscript Analysis Plan Proposal prior to conducting this study. Results: Children and mothers were largely Black/African American (65.2%), and 34.8% were White. TLEs were associated with sociodemographic variables such as age, education, race, marital status, and child sex—with increased TLEs among Black/African American mothers, divorced/separated/widowed mothers, and mothers without college/professional degree, older mothers reported a lower number of ACEs than younger mothers. Mothers of male children reported fewer events associated with fear and helplessness than mothers of female children. Mother Total score and Contingency score were associated with several sociodemographic variables. Mothers with private health insurance for children ages 2- and 3-years had higher PCI Teaching scale scores. Mothers with at least a college degree at enrollment, child age 2, and child age 3 had higher PCI Teaching scale scores than mothers with no college degree. In the univariate analysis, we did not observe a significant association between maternal TLEs in the third trimester and maternal-child interaction at child age 3 years. When both maternal traumatic life events at the third trimester and social support are included, both were significantly associated with maternal-child interaction at child age 3 years. Although the associations between TLEs and PCI Teaching scale scores were non-significant the number of individuals providing social support was associated with PCI Teaching scale scores. More individuals providing social support was associated with increased PCI Teaching scale Mother-child Total (p < 0.0001) and Mother-child Contingency scores (p < 0.0001). Health insurance was associated with PCI Teaching scale scores — having private insurance was associated with increased Child Total scores at ages 2 (p = 0.037 and 3 (p = 0.004) years. Conclusion: The association between the number of individuals providing social support and mother-child interaction reinforces the need to provide resources such as home visitation programs to mothers and their young children. Each additional person providing social support in the third trimester was associated with increased PCI Teaching scale scores on both the Mother Total scores and Mother-child Total scores. This points to the relationship between support during the third trimester and the long-term outcome related to maternal-child interaction. The lack of association between TLEs and PCI Teaching scale scores before and after controlling for sociodemographic variables may reflect mothers' resilience. The interaction effect between TLEs and social support on maternal child interaction is notable and shows the need for an upstream approach to prevent TLEs since its interaction with social support diminishes the effect of support on maternal-child interaction.