Secondary Task Engagement During Automated Drives: Friend and Foe?

2020 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 1926-1930
Author(s):  
Taylor Shupsky ◽  
Kevin Morales ◽  
Carryl Baldwin ◽  
Peter Hancock ◽  
Eric T. Greenlee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Task ◽  
Potential Benefit ◽  
Task Engagement ◽  
Vehicle Safety ◽  
Secondary Tasks ◽  
Automated Vehicle ◽  
Vehicle Automation

Engaging in non-driving related tasks while driving (secondary tasks) can impair driving. Conversely, on monotonous or long drives secondary tasks may help fatigued drivers maintain alertness and vigilance. This potential benefit of secondary task engagement has received considerably less attention relative to the potential negative safety consequences. Vehicles are increasingly equipped with advanced infotainment centers and in-vehicle displays – increasing opportunities for secondary task engagement. Concurrently, vehicle automation can take over many of the driver’s tasks potentially resulting in underload and passive fatigue, while also potentially allowing for engagement in secondary tasks. Clarifying the distinctions between situations of unsafe versus acceptable or even potentially beneficial secondary task engagement is critical for automated vehicle safety. This panel will bring together experts in the diverse fields of driving, attention, and vehicle automation to discuss this important issue.

Systematic Review of Research on Driver Distraction in the Context of Advanced Driver Assistance Systems

2021 ◽  
pp. 036119812110041
Author(s):  
Apoorva P. Hungund ◽  
Ganesh Pai ◽  
Anuj K. Pradhan
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Task Performance ◽  
Secondary Task ◽  
Task Engagement ◽  
Driver Distraction ◽  
Driver Assistance ◽  
Driver Assistance Systems ◽  
Secondary Tasks ◽  
Advanced Driver Assistance Systems ◽  
Assistance Systems

Advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) promise improved driving performance and safety. With ADAS taking on more vehicle control tasks, the driver’s role may be reduced to that of passive supervision. This in turn may increase drivers’ engagement in non-driving-related tasks, thereby potentially reducing any promised safety benefit. We conducted a systematic review, in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, to study the relationship between ADAS use and driver distraction. Four research questions were addressed—two questions examined the effect of ADAS on secondary task engagement, and the quality of secondary task performance, and two addressed the effects of ADAS on driver attention and on driver behavior changes caused by secondary task engagement. Twenty-nine papers were selected for full text synthesis. The majority of the papers indicate an association between ADAS and increased secondary task engagement, as well as improved secondary task performance. Ten papers reported that drivers tend to divert their attention to secondary tasks and away from driving tasks. These outcomes highlight the continued importance of the role of the human driver despite vehicle automation, especially in the context of driver distraction, and that user understanding of ADAS functionalities and limitations is essential to appropriate and effective use of these systems.

scholarly journals What are Australian drivers doing behind the wheel? An overview of secondary task data from the Australian Naturalistic Driving Study

2019 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristie Young ◽  
Rachel Osborne ◽  
Sjaan Koppel ◽  
Judith Charlton ◽  
Raphael Grzebieta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mobile Phone ◽  
Secondary Task ◽  
Task Engagement ◽  
Driver Distraction ◽  
Secondary Tasks ◽  
Mobile Phone Use ◽  
Naturalistic Driving Study ◽  
Naturalistic Driving ◽  
Using Data

Using data from the Australian Naturalistic Driving Study (ANDS), this study examined patterns of secondary task engagement (e.g., mobile phone use, manipulating centre stack controls) during everyday driving trips to determine the type and duration of secondary task engaged in. Safety-related incidents associated with secondary task engagement were also examined. Results revealed that driver engagement in secondary tasks was frequent, with drivers engaging in one or more secondary tasks every 96 seconds, on average. However, drivers were more likely to initiate engagement in secondary tasks when the vehicle was stationary, suggesting that drivers do self-regulate the timing of task engagement to a certain degree. There was also evidence that drivers modified their engagement in a way suggestive of limiting their exposure to risk by engaging in some secondary tasks for shorter periods when the vehicle was moving compared to when it was stationary. Despite this, almost six percent of secondary tasks events were associated with a safety-related incident. The findings will be useful in targeting distraction countermeasures and policies and determining the effectiveness of these in managing driver distraction.

The Effects of Distraction on Anticipatory Driving

2018 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 1960-1964 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dengbo He ◽  
Birsen Donmez
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Task ◽  
Driving Simulator ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Task Engagement ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Novice Drivers ◽  
Secondary Tasks ◽  
Future Events ◽  
Simulator Study ◽  
Recognition And Response

The anticipation of future events in traffic can allow potential gains in recognition and response times. Anticipatory actions (i.e., actions in preparation for a potential upcoming conflict) have been found to be more prevalent among experienced drivers in a driving simulator study where driving was the sole task. The influence of secondary tasks on anticipatory driving has not yet been investigated, despite the prevalence and negative effects of distraction widely documented in the literature. A driving simulator experiment was conducted with 16 experienced and 16 novice drivers to address this gap with half of the participants provided with a self-paced visual-manual secondary task. More anticipatory actions were observed among experienced drivers in general compared to novices; experienced drivers also exhibited more efficient visual scanning behaviors. Secondary task engagement reduced anticipatory actions for both experienced and novice drivers.

Evaluating driver eye glance behavior and secondary task engagement while using driving automation systems

2021 ◽  
Vol 151 ◽  
pp. 105959
Author(s):  
Alexandria M. Noble ◽  
Melissa Miles ◽  
Miguel A. Perez ◽  
Feng Guo ◽  
Sheila G. Klauer
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Task ◽  
Task Engagement ◽  
Automation Systems

scholarly journals Impact of External Human–Machine Interface Communication Strategies of Automated Vehicles on Pedestrians’ Crossing Decisions and Behaviors in an Urban Environment

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (15) ◽  
pp. 8396
Author(s):  
Marc Wilbrink ◽  
Merle Lau ◽  
Johannes Illgner ◽  
Anna Schieben ◽  
Michael Oehl
Keyword(s):  
Urban Traffic ◽  
Automated Vehicles ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Communication Tools ◽  
Automated Vehicle ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
Road Users ◽  
Vulnerable Road Users ◽  
And Behaviors ◽  
Vehicle Automation

The development of automated vehicles (AVs) and their integration into traffic are seen by many vehicle manufacturers and stakeholders such as cities or transportation companies as a revolution in mobility. In future urban traffic, it is more likely that AVs will operate not in separated traffic spaces but in so-called mixed traffic environments where different types of traffic participants interact. Therefore, AVs must be able to communicate with other traffic participants, e.g., pedestrians as vulnerable road users (VRUs), to solve ambiguous traffic situations. To achieve well-working communication and thereby safe interaction between AVs and other traffic participants, the latest research discusses external human–machine interfaces (eHMIs) as promising communication tools. Therefore, this study examines the potential positive and negative effects of AVs equipped with static (only displaying the current vehicle automation status (VAS)) and dynamic (communicating an AV’s perception and intention) eHMIs on the interaction with pedestrians by taking subjective and objective measurements into account. In a Virtual Reality (VR) simulator study, 62 participants were instructed to cross a street while interacting with non-automated (without eHMI) and automated vehicles (equipped with static eHMI or dynamic eHMI). The results reveal that a static eHMI had no effect on pedestrians’ crossing decisions and behaviors compared to a non-automated vehicle without any eHMI. However, participants benefit from the additional information of a dynamic eHMI by making earlier decisions to cross the street and higher certainties regarding their decisions when interacting with an AV with a dynamic eHMI compared to an AV with a static eHMI or a non-automated vehicle. Implications for a holistic evaluation of eHMIs as AV communication tools and their safe introduction into traffic are discussed based on the results.

scholarly journals Changes over 12 months in eye glances during secondary task engagement among novice drivers

2016 ◽  
Vol 93 ◽  
pp. 48-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fearghal O’Brien ◽  
Sheila G. Klauer ◽  
Johnathon Ehsani ◽  
Bruce G. Simons-Morton
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Task ◽  
Task Engagement ◽  
Novice Drivers

scholarly journals Drivers’ Perceptions of Functionality Implied by Terms Used to Describe Automation in Vehicles

2018 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 1893-1897 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael A. Nees
Keyword(s):  
Future Research ◽  
Automated Vehicle ◽  
Human Driver ◽  
Trust In Automation ◽  
Vehicle Automation ◽  
First Time

The expectations induced by the labels used to describe vehicle automation are important to understand, because research has shown that expectations can affect trust in automation even before a person uses the system for the first time. An online sample of drivers rated the perceived division of driving responsibilities implied by common terms used to describe automation. Ratings of 13 terms were made on a scale from 1 (“human driver is entirely responsible”) to 7 (“vehicle is entirely responsible”) for three driving tasks (steering, accelerating/braking, and monitoring). In several instances, the functionality implied by automation terms did not match the technical definitions of the terms and/or the actual capabilities of the automated vehicle functions currently described by the terms. These exploratory findings may spur and guide future research on this under-examined topic.

scholarly journals Secured Vehicle Safety System using GSM Technology

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (6S4) ◽  
pp. 832-836 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Focal Point ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Vehicle Safety ◽  
Security Framework ◽  
Remote Communication ◽  
Active Systems ◽  
Automated Vehicle ◽  
Region Data ◽  
The Web ◽  
Area Data

A smart helmet is a kind of defensive headgear utilized by the rider which makes bike driving more secure than previously. The principle reason for this keen protective cap to give well being to rider.Here I proposed a work which is endeavor to plan a propelled vehicle’s security framework which utilizes GSM to avert burglary and to decide the area of vehicles. Now a daysburglary is going on the stopping or in some shaky spots. The wellbeing of the vehicles is incredibly fundamental. The point of the vehicles security framework is used to utilizes the remote communication innovatively for the car situations. The principle focal point of this undertaking is to ensure the stealing of vehicle. This is finished with the assistance of GSM modem and circuit which comprises of ARM 7 TDMI microcontroller, transfer and venture down transformer. The framework will be enacted simply in the wake of wearing the head protector or else the client can't ready to get to the vehicle. To achieve Automated Vehicle Location our system uses to transmit the area data continuously, Active systems are produced. Progressing vehicular after system joins a gear device introduced in the vehicle and a remote Tracking servers. The infowas conveyed to Tracking server utilizing GSM/GPRS modem on GSM mastermind by using SMS or utilized direct TCP/IP association with Tracking servers thruGPRS. Following servers in like way has GSM/GPRS modem that gets vehicle region data by techniques for GSM system and stores info into databases. This info is available to embraced clients of the systems by techniques for sites over the web.

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