scholarly journals Hypertensive ocular disease in cats: A guide to fundic lesions to facilitate early diagnosis

2018 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jenny Carter
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure Measurement ◽  
Target Organ Damage ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Organ Damage ◽  
Evidence Base ◽  
Ocular Disease ◽  
Systemic Hypertension ◽  
Hypertensive Disease ◽  
Ocular Lesions ◽  
Mild Hypertensive

Practical relevance: Systemic hypertension is common in older cats and can result in damage to organs with a rich arteriolar supply such as the eyes, kidneys, myocardium and brain. Hypertensive disease in these organs is known as target organ damage (TOD). Disease in the eye resulting from hypertension is the most easily identifiable form of TOD and can often be the reason the cat is presented to the veterinarian. Routine blood pressure measurement and fundic examination allows cats with hypertensive ocular lesions to be detected early in the course of the disease, when the lesions have the best chance of responding to treatment. Clinical challenges: Detecting early evidence of TOD in the fundus requires a veterinarian to be competent in recognising lesions associated with mild hypertensive disease, as well as the more easily recognised advanced lesions that frequently result in impaired vision and blindness. Audience: This review is written for all veterinarians who treat cats. It provides information and images to facilitate and guide veterinarians performing fundoscopy in cats, in particular in those over 7 years of age, with the aim of diagnosing hypertensive ocular lesions when they are present. Equipment: The clinical manifestations of hypertensive ocular disease can be detected non-invasively with inexpensive equipment. A summary of the equipment available for general practitioners to perform fundoscopy is provided. Evidence base: This is a comprehensive review of the literature on hypertensive ocular disease in cats. The author has also included images of hypertensive ocular lesions taken in general practice to highlight the variety of lesions that can be detected.

Feline blood pressure measurement: when is it needed?

2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (11) ◽  
pp. 222-228
Author(s):  
Sarah Caney
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Systolic Blood Pressure ◽  
Pressure Measurement ◽  
Blood Pressure Measurement ◽  
Target Organ Damage ◽  
Organ Damage ◽  
Target Organ ◽  
Systemic Hypertension ◽  
Ophthalmological Examination ◽  
Target Organs

Systemic hypertension is a common disorder, primarily affecting older cats. Most cases are secondary to underlying medical conditions, such as chronic kidney disease. If left untreated, systemic hypertension has the potential to cause serious damage to certain target organs and can be fatal. Target organs include the nervous system, cardiovascular system, eyes and kidneys. Target organ damage to the eyes is often pathognomonic and is detected on ophthalmological examination in up to 80% of cats with systemic hypertension. Blood pressure measurement is essential in confirming a diagnosis and should be prioritised in cats showing evidence of target organ damage. Blood pressure screening of apparently healthy older cats is justified, since the risk of hypertension increases with age. Systemic hypertension is diagnosed in cats with persistent elevation in their systolic blood pressure of 160 mmHg or higher. Stress and anxiety can cause a transient increase in systolic blood pressure so measurements should be collected in a manner that is as calm and ‘cat friendly’ as possible. In the presence of confirmed target organ damage, a single high systolic blood pressure reading confirms systemic hypertension. Where no target organ damage is detectable, evidence of elevated systolic blood pressure on two or more occasions is needed to confirm the diagnosis.

scholarly journals Reversible facial nerve paralysis in a cat suspected to be associated with systemic hypertension

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 205511692110634
Author(s):  
Laura Moretto ◽  
Robert Herzig ◽  
Katrin Beckmann ◽  
Nadja Wolfer ◽  
Matthias Dennler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Facial Nerve ◽  
Medical Condition ◽  
Target Organ Damage ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Organ Damage ◽  
Hypertensive Encephalopathy ◽  
Systemic Hypertension ◽  
Facial Nerve Paralysis ◽  
Nerve Paralysis ◽  
Target Organs

Case summary This report describes the appearance of facial nerve paralysis in a 16-year-old hypertensive cat. MRI was helpful in visualising and characterising mesencephalic and facial nerve lesions thought to be induced by hypertension. Neurological signs rapidly resolved under antihypertensive therapy. Relevance and novel information Systemic hypertension is an important medical condition in geriatric cats causing damage in various target organs, including the brain. Hypertensive encephalopathy is an umbrella term for a multitude of different clinical manifestations of cerebral target organ damage. Facial nerve paralysis secondary to hypertension is recognised in human medicine, particularly in children, but so far has not been reported in veterinary medicine.

scholarly journals Circadian blood pressure rhythm and intimal media thickness changes in non-dipper normotensives patients

2017 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Massimiliano Rocchietti March ◽  
Claudia Maggiore ◽  
Gerardo Salerno ◽  
Agostino De Venanzi ◽  
Elena Scaramucci ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Blood Pressure Measurement ◽  
Target Organ Damage ◽  
Pressure Profile ◽  
Organ Damage ◽  
Profile Measurement ◽  
Circadian Blood Pressure ◽  
Intimal Medial Thickness ◽  
Carotid Intimal Medial Thickness ◽  
Increased Risk

<p>We investigated 25 <em>non-dipper</em> normotensive <em>vs </em>25 <em>dipper </em>normotensive patients. The aim of our study was to evaluate carotid intimal-medial thickness (IMT) in the two groups. At the admission patients underwent anamnesis and general examination, blood sampling for lipid profile measurement, glycemia, homocysteine, ambulatory blood pressure measurement to assess the circadian blood pressure profile, and Doppler ultrasound to measure carotid intimal-medial thickness (IMT). Our results showed that IMT is significantly higher in the <em>non-dipper </em>group (P&lt;0.006) <em>vs dippers</em>. <em>Non-dipper </em>status has been recognized in several studies a condition with increased risk for target organ damage in hypertensive and normotensive subjects. However, to our knowledge, a possible relationship between IMT and normotensive <em>non-dipper </em>patients has not yet clearly investigated. Our study instead has clearly demonstrated a significant relationship between IMT and the <em>non-dipper status</em>.</p>

scholarly journals European guidelines on the diagnostics, management and prevention of arterial hypertension 2018: opinion of the members of the Russian Society of cardiology

2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (6) ◽  
pp. 602-622
Author(s):  
D. V. Nebieridze ◽  
L. I. Gapon ◽  
O. P. Rotar ◽  
A. S. Alieva ◽  
L. S. Korostovtseva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Arterial Hypertension ◽  
European Society ◽  
European Heart Journal ◽  
Blood Pressure Measurement ◽  
Target Organ Damage ◽  
Heart Association ◽  
Organ Damage ◽  
Russian Society ◽  
Comprehensive Overview

In 2018, at the annual congresses of the European Society of Hypertension and European Society of Cardiology, the updated guidelines on the diagnostics, management and prevention of arterial hypertension were announced, followed by their publication in the European Heart Journal. The guidelines present a comprehensive overview on the definition and classification of arterial hypertension, approaches to the blood pressure measurement, assessment of the target organ damage, special patient subgroups and other issues. Despite a detailed analysis of various issues of the diagnostics and treatment of hypertension, some of the statements appear to be disputable and raise discussion among specialists in hypertension field. The diagnostic criteria, threshold and target blood pressure levels are the most debatable issues involving comparisons with the guidelines of the American Heart Association (2017). This paper gathers a number of comments on the less discussed questions of the diagnostics, treatment and prevention of hypertension. This collection of letters of the specialists, members of the Russian Society of Cardiology includes both personal expert opinions and well-known facts, reflects the controversy of the available evidence and indicates the blanks and gaps in hypertensiology giving perspective for potential future studies.

Feline systemic hypertension: the how and why of blood pressure

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 501-505
Author(s):  
Charlotte Pace
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Tissue Injury ◽  
Target Organ Damage ◽  
Disease Process ◽  
Organ Damage ◽  
Systemic Hypertension ◽  
Common Disease ◽  
Pressure Measurements ◽  
Severe Tissue ◽  
Concurrent Disease

Feline hypertension is a common disease seen in cats in veterinary practice. It can be idiopathic in origin, secondary to another disease process or medication, or occur as a result of stress. Left untreated, systemic hypertension can result in severe tissue injury to the renal, cardiovascular and neurological systems, as well as causing ocular changes. It is recommended in the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine Guidelines (2018) that senior cats and those with concurrent disease, or those at risk of target organ damage, should have blood pressure measurements taken regularly. These measurements need to be repeatable and reliable.

scholarly journals HYPERTENSION PHENOTYPES IN YOUNG INDIVIDUALS DEFINED BY OFFICE, AMBULATORY AND HOME BLOOD PRESSURE MEASUREMENT: PREVALENCE AND ASSOCIATION WITH TARGET ORGAN DAMAGE

2021 ◽  
Vol 39 (Supplement 1) ◽  
pp. e59
Author(s):  
Maria Elena Zeniodi ◽  
Angeliki Ntineri ◽  
Anastasios Kollias ◽  
George Servos ◽  
Ioannis Moyssakis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Pressure Measurement ◽  
Blood Pressure Measurement ◽  
Target Organ Damage ◽  
Organ Damage ◽  
Home Blood Pressure ◽  
Target Organ

scholarly journals ACE2 Shedding and Furin Abundance in Target Organs may Influence the Efficiency of SARS-CoV-2 Entry

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Yuanchen Ma ◽  
Yinong Huang ◽  
Tao Wang ◽  
Andy Peng Xiang ◽  
Weijun Huang
Keyword(s):  
Virus Disease ◽  
Target Organ Damage ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Virus Transmission ◽  
Organ Damage ◽  
Receptor Expression ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Early Screening ◽  
Furin Cleavage ◽  
Furin Cleavage Site

Background: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a lineage B coronavirus, causing the worldwide outbreak of Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). Despite genetically closed to SARS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2 seems to possess enhanced infectivity and subtle different clinical features, which may hamper the early screening of suspected patients as well as the control of virus transmission. Unfortunately, there are few tools to predict the potential target organ damage and possible clinical manifestations caused by such novel coronavirus. Methods: To solve this problem, we use the online single-cell sequence datasets to analyze the expression of the major receptor in host cells that mediates the virus entry, including angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), and its co-expressed membrane endopeptidases. Results: The results indicated the differential expression of ADAM10 and ADAM17 might contribute to the ACE2 shedding and affect the membrane ACE2 abundance. We further confirm a putative furin-cleavage site reported recently in the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2, which may facilitate the virus-cell fusion. Based on these findings, we develop an approach that comprehensively analyzed the virus receptor expression, ACE2 shedding, membrane fusion activity, virus uptake and virus replication to evaluate the infectivity of SARS-CoV-2 to different human organs. Conclusion: Our results indicate that, in addition to airway epithelia, cardiac tissue and enteric canals are susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 as well.

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