Hypo-osmotic Shock-Induced Subclinical Inflammation of Skin in a Rat Model of Disrupted Skin Barrier Function

2014 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 135-141 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chihiro Kishi ◽  
Takeo Minematsu ◽  
Lijuan Huang ◽  
Yuko Mugita ◽  
Aya Kitamura ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Barrier Function ◽  
Inflammatory Responses ◽  
Osmotic Shock ◽  
Skin Barrier ◽  
Skin Inflammation ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Basic Mechanism ◽  
Skin Barrier Function ◽  
Inflammatory Reactions ◽  
C Fibers

Aging disrupts skin barrier function and induces xerosis accompanied by pruritus. In many cases, elderly patients complain of pruritus during skin hygiene care, a condition called aquagenic pruritus of the elderly (APE). To date, the pathophysiology and mechanism of action of APE have not been elucidated. We conducted the present study to test the hypothesis that hypo-osmotic shock of epidermal cells induces skin inflammation and elongation of C-fibers by nerve growth factor β (NGFβ) as a basic mechanism of APE. The dorsal skin of HWY rats, which are a model for disrupted skin barrier function, was treated with distilled water (hypotonic treatment [Hypo] group) or normal saline (isotonic treatment [Iso] group) by applying soaked gauze for 7 days. Untreated rats were used as a control (no-treatment [NT] group). Histochemical and immunohistochemical analyses revealed inflammatory responses in the epidermis and the dermal papillary layer in the Hypo group, while no alterations were observed in the Iso or NT groups. Induction of expression and secretion of NGFβ and elongation of C-fibers into the epidermis were found in the Hypo group. In contrast, secretion of NGFβ was significantly lower and elongation of C-fibers was not observed in the Iso group. These results suggest that hypo-osmotic shock–induced inflammatory reactions promote hypersensitivity to pruritus in skin with disrupted barrier function.

scholarly journals Role of AHR Ligands in Skin Homeostasis and Cutaneous Inflammation

Cells ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 3176
Author(s):  
Nieves Fernández-Gallego ◽  
Francisco Sánchez-Madrid ◽  
Danay Cibrian
Keyword(s):  
Atopic Dermatitis ◽  
Barrier Function ◽  
Inflammatory Responses ◽  
Normal Skin ◽  
Skin Barrier ◽  
Skin Inflammation ◽  
In Vitro Assays ◽  
Skin Barrier Function

Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) is an important regulator of skin barrier function. It also controls immune-mediated skin responses. The AHR modulates various physiological functions by acting as a sensor that mediates environment–cell interactions, particularly during immune and inflammatory responses. Diverse experimental systems have been used to assess the AHR’s role in skin inflammation, including in vitro assays of keratinocyte stimulation and murine models of psoriasis and atopic dermatitis. Similar approaches have addressed the role of AHR ligands, e.g., TCDD, FICZ, and microbiota-derived metabolites, in skin homeostasis and pathology. Tapinarof is a novel AHR-modulating agent that inhibits skin inflammation and enhances skin barrier function. The topical application of tapinarof is being evaluated in clinical trials to treat psoriasis and atopic dermatitis. In the present review, we summarize the effects of natural and synthetic AHR ligands in keratinocytes and inflammatory cells, and their relevance in normal skin homeostasis and cutaneous inflammatory diseases.

Dry skin, barrier function, and irritant contact dermatitis in the elderly

2011 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
Florian Seyfarth ◽  
Sibylle Schliemann ◽  
Dimitar Antonov ◽  
Peter Elsner
Keyword(s):  
Contact Dermatitis ◽  
Barrier Function ◽  
Skin Barrier ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Skin Barrier Function ◽  
Irritant Contact Dermatitis ◽  
Dry Skin

scholarly journals Regulation of Skin Barrier Function via Competition between AHR Axis versus IL-13/IL-4‒JAK‒STAT6/STAT3 Axis: Pathogenic and Therapeutic Implications in Atopic Dermatitis

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 3741
Author(s):  
Masutaka Furue
Keyword(s):  
Atopic Dermatitis ◽  
Barrier Function ◽  
Coal Tar ◽  
Calcineurin Inhibitors ◽  
Skin Barrier ◽  
Skin Inflammation ◽  
Interleukin 4 ◽  
Skin Barrier Function ◽  
Barrier Dysfunction ◽  
Therapeutic Implications

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is characterized by skin inflammation, barrier dysfunction, and chronic pruritus. As the anti-interleukin-4 (IL-4) receptor α antibody dupilumab improves all three cardinal features of AD, the type 2 cytokines IL-4 and especially IL-13 have been indicated to have pathogenic significance in AD. Accumulating evidence has shown that the skin barrier function is regulated via competition between the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) axis (up-regulation of barrier) and the IL-13/IL-4‒JAK‒STAT6/STAT3 axis (down-regulation of barrier). This latter axis also induces oxidative stress, which exacerbates inflammation. Conventional and recently developed agents for treating AD such as steroid, calcineurin inhibitors, cyclosporine, dupilumab, and JAK inhibitors inhibit the IL-13/IL-4‒JAK‒STAT6/STAT3 axis, while older remedies such as coal tar and glyteer are antioxidative AHR agonists. In this article, I summarize the pathogenic and therapeutic implications of the IL-13/IL-4‒JAK‒STAT6/STAT3 axis and the AHR axis in AD.

scholarly journals The Effectivity of pH 4 Emulsion on Skin Barrier Function in The Elderly: A Systematic review and meta-analysis

2021 ◽  
pp. 40
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Qualitative Analysis ◽  
Barrier Function ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Skin Barrier ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Skin Surface ◽  
Skin Barrier Function ◽  
Effects Of Ph ◽  
The Mean

Background: The pH of the skin surface is elevated in the elderly therefore it may cause impaired barrier function manifest as various cutaneous abnormalities, including xerosis, pruritus, dermatitis, and skin infections. Consequently, skin care products for the elderly should contain moisturizing ingredients which are formulated to normalize the skin surface pH. Application of pH 4 emulsion is potentially beneficial to improve barrier function in the elderly and promoting skin health. We aimed to determine the difference of effectiveness of pH 4 emulsion compared to identical non pH 4 emulsion on decreasing TEWL in the elderly. A systematic review and meta-analysis was performed of randomized clinical trials assessing the effects of pH 4 emulsion on skin barrier function in the elderly. Methods: Medline Pubmed, Scopus, ProQuest, Cochrane library, ClinicalTrials.gov, the reference list, conference proceedings, researchers in the field of eligible studies were searched. Four studies (n=98 subjects) were included in qualitative analysis of which two studies (n=45 subjects) were included in the meta-analysis. The mean age of the participants was 71.1 years old. Interventions use the application of pH 4 water in oil emulsion (n=2) and pH 4 oil in water emulsion (n=2). Duration of intervention (24 hours-7 weeks) and outcomes of interest varied among included studies. Results: Pooling of data using random-effects model found lower TEWL score in the pH 4 emulsion than in non pH 4 emulsion, with no significant difference (overall effect mean difference -0.068, 95% confidence interval -0.485 – 0.348, p = 0.11, I2=60.1, two RCTs). In addition to that, the qualitative analysis found that the application of pH 4 emulsion increased stratum corneum hydration, decreased skin surface roughness and scaliness, decreased DASI, and improved ICLL length and lamellar organization. Conclusion: The meta-analysis result of the mean differences of TEWL scores lowering effect between pH 4 emulsion and non pH 4 emulsion is statistically inconclusive. This is despite the observation that the pH 4 emulsion appears to be more effective comparatively. The qualitative analysis found that the application of pH 4 emulsion had improved skin barrier function in the elderly. Larger scale, well-designed RCTs assessing the effects of pH 4 emulsion on skin barrier function in the elderly, are still needed.

scholarly journals Lipidomics Profiling of Skin Surface Lipids in Senile Pruritus

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
xiaolei Ma ◽  
Lulu Lu ◽  
Zheng Zhao ◽  
Mingru Cai ◽  
Na Gao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Barrier Function ◽  
Skin Barrier ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Skin Surface ◽  
Skin Barrier Function ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Severity Scores ◽  
Surface Lipids ◽  
Skin Surface Lipids

Abstract Background: Senile pruritus is common, yet its etiology remains unknown. We examined the lipidomics profiles of skin surface lipids (SSL) in the elderly to better understand potential causes for senile pruritus. Methods:Transepidermal water loss (TEWL) was used to assess skin barrier function. Ameliorated Kawashima itch scale were used to measure the pruritus score. Liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and multivariate data analysis were used to investigate SSL alternations. Results:The results showed that the senile pruritus have higher TEWL values than controls (13.13±4.28 versus 6.71±2.45, p< 0.01). LC-MS/MS showed significant differences in lipidomics and identified 81 species of SSL that differ between two groups. Compared to controls, the levels of ceramides, diacylcerols, fatty acids, phosphatidylcholines, phosphatidylethar, phytosphingsines, sphingosines, diacylceryl-3-O-carboxyhydroxymethylcholine, diacylglyceryl trimethylhomoserine, unsaturated free fatty acids increased, whereas triacylglycerol decreased. CER-EOS, CER-NDS and CER-NS were positively correlated with TEWL values (p<0.05). Sphingomyelin, Cer-NP, Cer-AS, Cer-NDS, Cer-NS were positively correlated with pruritus severity scores, while Cer-BS, Cer-EODS, Cer-EOS, Cer-AP were negatively correlated. Conclusion:Our study indicated that the senile pruritus have impaired skin barrier function and altered SSL composition. Select SSL species identified in this study may be potential target for future studies on the pathogenesis of idiopathic senile pruritus

scholarly journals Increased Th2 activity and diminished skin barrier function cooperate in allergic skin inflammation

2016 ◽  
Vol 46 (11) ◽  
pp. 2609-2613 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarita Sehra ◽  
Purna Krishnamurthy ◽  
Byunghee Koh ◽  
Hong-Ming Zhou ◽  
Lee Seymour ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Barrier Function ◽  
Skin Barrier ◽  
Skin Inflammation ◽  
Skin Barrier Function ◽  
Allergic Skin
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