The imagination effect when using textual or diagrammatic material to learn a second language

2020 ◽  
pp. 136216882097178
Author(s):  
Olga Ignatova ◽  
Slava Kalyuga ◽  
John Sweller
Keyword(s):  
Second Language ◽  
Cognitive Load ◽  
Cognitive Load Theory ◽  
Spatial Information ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Intrinsic Cognitive Load ◽  
Load Theory ◽  
Visual Spatial ◽  
Textual Material ◽  
Memory Resources

The imagination effect occurs when students learn better from imagining concepts and procedures rather than from studying them. Cognitive load theory explains the effect by better use of available working memory resources and increased productive, intrinsic cognitive load. The effect has been found in numerous empirical studies. However, in the majority of studies demonstrating the effect, visual/spatial information has been used: the type of information that is believed to be easy for imagining. The reported two experiments investigated if an imagination effect could be obtained using verbal information in the area of learning a second language. The results indicated that while textual material was expectedly more difficult for learning than diagrammatic material, asking learners to imagine textual material did improve performance. Cognitive load theory has been used as a theoretical framework to interpret the results.

Working Memory Resources Depletion Makes Delayed Testing Beneficial

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 38-46
Author(s):  
Ouhao Chen ◽  
Slava Kalyuga
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Cognitive Load ◽  
Cognitive Load Theory ◽  
Primary Students ◽  
Single Session ◽  
Load Theory ◽  
Spaced Learning ◽  
Learning Tasks ◽  
Depletion Effect ◽  
Memory Resources

Cognitive load theory (CLT) uses working memory resources depletion to explain the superiority of spaced learning, predicting that working memory resources will be less taxed if there are resting/spacing periods inserted between learning tasks, in comparison to learning from the same tasks in a single session. This article uses the working memory resources depletion effect, as a factor, to investigate the hypothesis that delayed testing would show superior results to immediate testing on math tasks for primary students in Singapore, as participants' working memory resources might be restored because of the resting between the immediate and delayed tests. Results confirmed higher performance on the delayed test than on the immediate test, as well as more working memory resources available for the delayed test.

scholarly journals APPLYING COGNITIVE LOAD THEORY IN TEACHING TENSES FOR SECOND LANGUAGE LEARNERS

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 66
Author(s):  
Leni Amelia Suek
Keyword(s):  
Second Language ◽  
Cognitive Load ◽  
Cognitive Load Theory ◽  
Second Language Learners ◽  
Modality Effect ◽  
Instructional Designers ◽  
Sources Of Information ◽  
Load Theory ◽  
Extraneous Load ◽  
Teaching Learning

Cognitive load theory is a very useful concept that can be used by instructional designers, teachers, and educators to create effective instruction. It has been applied and developed in many areas including teaching English as a second or foreign language. In designing the instruction for teaching Tenses, worked example, split-attention effect, goal-free effect, modality effect, and redundancy effect are effective techniques that are used to reduce extraneous load, increase germane load, construct and automate schema. Designing and developing new instructions using cognitive load theory is also very useful. Teachers should understand this concept thoroughly because each instructional technique is connected to one another. In addition, it is very important to consider learners’ level of expertise, elements of interactivity and forms or sources of information before designing the instruction. Those elements of information and instructional techniques that are covered in the concept of cognitive load theory, should be well understood and applied by teachers particularly language teachers. Teaching foreign or second language is a big challenge for non-native English teachers; hence, effective instructional design can assist and enhance teaching learning process. This theory will contribute to positive outcomes where students understand the concept of Tenses thoroughly and teachers develop their teaching skill.

Cognitive Load Theory, Spacing Effect, and Working Memory Resources Depletion

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ouhao Chen ◽  
Slava Kalyuga
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Instructional Design ◽  
Cognitive Load ◽  
Student Performance ◽  
Cognitive Load Theory ◽  
Memory Load ◽  
Cognitive Effort ◽  
Massed Practice ◽  
Load Theory ◽  
Memory Resources

In classroom, student learning is affected by multiple factors that influence information processing. Working memory with its limited capacity and duration plays a key role in learner ability to process information and, therefore, is critical for student performance. Cognitive load theory, based on human cognitive architecture, focuses on the instructional implications of relations between working memory and learner knowledge base in long-term memory. The ultimate goal of this theory is to generate effective instructional methods that allow managing students' working memory load to optimize their learning, indicating the relations between the form of instructional design and the function of instructional design. This chapter considers recent additions to the theory based on working memory resources depletion that occurs after exerting significant cognitive effort and reverses after a rest period. The discussed implications for instructional design include optimal sequencing of learning and assessment tasks using spaced and massed practice tasks, immediate and delayed tests.

The implications of Cognitive Load Theory and exposure to subtitles in English Foreign Language (EFL)

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anca Daniela Frumuselu
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Language ◽  
Cognitive Load ◽  
Language Learning ◽  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Cognitive Load Theory ◽  
Cognitive Theory ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Load Theory ◽  
Colloquial Language ◽  
Language Classroom

Abstract The pedagogical use of subtitled and captioned material in the foreign language classroom is upheld by various theories which reveal the cognitive processing activated when students are exposed to multimedia and subtitled audiovisual materials. The three theories that will be considered here are Cognitive Load Theory (CLT), Cognitive Theory of Multimedia Learning (CTML) and Cognitive Affective Theory of Learning with Media (CATLM). The main purpose of the paper is to illustrate the internal mechanisms triggered in learners when various sensorial channels (visual, auditory and textual) coincide simultaneously on screen and how this may affect their cognitive engagement and motivation while learning a foreign language. Additionally, two empirical studies will be presented in the second part of the article in order to provide evidence of the benefits of using subtitled audiovisual materials in the English Foreign Language (EFL) classroom in higher education. The results show that both interlingual (L1) and intralingual (L2) subtitles prove to have a facilitating role in informal and colloquial language learning in this context.

scholarly journals PEMBELAJARAN BERBANTUAN MULTIMEDIA BERDASARKAN COGNITIVE LOAD THEORY PADA PELAJARAN MATEMATIKA SD

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (01) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rissa Prima Kurniawati
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Cognitive Load ◽  
Cognitive Load Theory ◽  
Cognitive Architecture ◽  
Opportunity To Learn ◽  
Extraneous Cognitive Load ◽  
Intrinsic Cognitive Load ◽  
Load Theory ◽  
Audio Video

<p>Multimedia is media that combine two or more elements are composed of text, graphics, images, photographs, audio, video, and animation are integrated. In multimedia-assisted learning, students are given the opportunity to learn not only of learning resources such as teachers, but give the opportunity to students to develop better cognitive, creative, and innovative. Cognitive Load Theory is a theory that was introduced as a teaching theory based on the knowledge of human cognitive architecture that we have. The main principle of Cognitive Load Theory is the quality of learning is enhanced if attention is concentrated on the role and limitations of working memory. Three cognitive load in working memory, which is intrinsic cognitive load, Germany cognitive load, and extraneous cognitive load.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Keywords</strong>: Multimedia, Cognitive Load Theory, intrinsic cognitive load,<strong> </strong>Germany cognitive load, and extraneous cognitive load.</p><p> </p>

scholarly journals Application of Cognitive Load Theory in Accounting Education

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 197 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seedwell T. M. Sithole
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Load ◽  
Cognitive Load Theory ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Cognitive Architecture ◽  
Worked Examples ◽  
Detailed Examination ◽  
Accounting Education ◽  
Accounting Students ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Load Theory

The field of accounting education has recently adopted cognitive load theory (CLT), which originated in educational psychology. There are several empirical studies inspired by CLT which have demonstrated the practical implications of this theory. Although some articles have addressed the relationship of CLT and accounting education, none have considered the integration of the design principles and provide practical guidelines accounting educators may follow. Three techniques are described, by which educators may do so: (a) minimising instructional procedures that splits the attention of students, (b) tailoring instruction to levels of accounting students' expertise, and (c) minimising problem-solving exercises and utilising more worked examples. A detailed examination of these 3 techniques indicates that they assist students’ understanding of accounting. These techniques are not applicable to all accounting learners but are more appropriate to accounting students learning a specific topic for the first time than to expert learners (e.g., final year students who have been introduced to the accounting topic). All 3 guidelines are based on the importance CLT places on the human cognitive architecture, particularly our knowledge of working and long-term memory, schema construction and automation, and the different types of cognitive load affecting the students to absorb and retain information.

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