Improving intergroup relations through direct, extended and other forms of indirect contact

2011 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 147-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
John F. Dovidio ◽  
Anja Eller ◽  
Miles Hewstone
Keyword(s):  
Intergroup Relations ◽  
Direct Contact ◽  
Personal Contact ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Intergroup Attitudes ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
Indirect Contact ◽  
Psychological Mechanisms ◽  
Extended Contact ◽  
Imagined Contact

The benefits of direct, personal contact with members of another group are well established empirically. This Special Issue complements that body of work by demonstrating the effects of various forms of indirect contact on intergroup attitudes and relations. Indirect contact includes (a) extended contact: learning that an ingroup member is friends with an outgroup member, (b) vicarious contact: observing an ingroup member interact with an outgroup member, and (c) imagined contact: imagining oneself interacting with an outgroup member. The effects of indirect contact not only occur independently of direct contact, they often involve distinct psychological mechanisms. The present article briefly reviews work on direct intergroup contact and then discusses recent theoretical and empirical developments in the study of extended contact, vicarious contact, and imagined contact. We consider the similarities and distinctions in the dynamics of these forms of indirect contact and conclude by identifying promising directions for future research.

Beyond direct contact: The theoretical and societal relevance of indirect contact for improving intergroup relations

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fiona A. White ◽  
Islam Borinca ◽  
Loris Vezzali ◽  
Katherine J. Reynolds ◽  
Johanna K. Blomster Lyshol ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intergroup Relations ◽  
Direct Contact ◽  
Indirect Contact ◽  
Societal Relevance

Attributional processes underlying imagined contact effects

2011 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 275-287 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard J. Crisp ◽  
Shenel Husnu
Keyword(s):  
Intergroup Relations ◽  
Intergroup Contact ◽  
Intergroup Attitudes ◽  
Person Perspective ◽  
Third Person ◽  
Intergroup Encounters ◽  
Imagined Contact ◽  
Third Person Perspective ◽  
Study Participants ◽  
Attributional Processes

Recent research has demonstrated that mentally simulating positive intergroup encounters can promote tolerance and more positive intergroup attitudes. We explored the attributional processes underlying these effects. In our study participants who imagined intergroup contact subsequently reported greater intentions to engage in future contact, a relationship that was mediated by participants’ attribution, to themselves, of a more positive attitudinal orientation towards outgroup contact. Consistent with this attributional account, the perspective taken when imagining the encounter qualified this effect. Participants who imagined the encounter from a third-person perspective reported heightened intentions to engage in future contact relative to control participants, while this was not the case when the encounter was imagined from a first-person perspective. These findings suggest that attributional processes are key to observing the benefits that accrue from imagining intergroup contact. We speculate that these attributions may distinguish the approach from extended and actual forms of contact and help researchers to further capitalize on the benefits of mental imagery for improving intergroup relations.

scholarly journals The double-edged effect of intergroup similarity: Muslim and Christian immigrants’ acculturation preferences on intergroup relations in Sweden

2017 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 478-493 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Olsson ◽  
Camilla Matera ◽  
Linda K. Tip ◽  
Rupert Brown
Keyword(s):  
Intergroup Relations ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Intergroup Attitudes ◽  
Host Society ◽  
Heritage Culture ◽  
Acculturation Strategy ◽  
Muslim Minorities

A 2 x 2 x 2 experiment examined effects of the acculturation orientations seen to be endorsed by immigrants (of two different religions) on intergroup relations in Sweden. Swedish majority participants ( N = 448) read interviews with Iraqi immigrants in which the immigrants’ religion (Muslim vs. Christian), desired level of contact with the host society (high vs. low), and desire to maintain their own culture (high vs. low) were manipulated. Overall, immigrants who were perceived to favour contact elicited more favourable intergroup attitudes. Desire for contact also interacted with immigrants’ religion: contact among Muslim minorities increased majority members’ support for multiculturalism. In addition, majority members identified more with being Swedish when Christian minorities appeared to endorse contact and reject their heritage culture, which corresponds to an acculturation strategy of assimilation. These findings demonstrate the complex role of religious similarity in intergroup relations. Implications for future research are proposed.

scholarly journals Rethinking intergroup contact across cultures: Predicting outgroup evaluations using different types of contact, group status, and perceived sociopolitical contexts

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yopina G. Pertiwi ◽  
Andrew L. Geers ◽  
Yueh-Ting Lee
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Intergroup Relations ◽  
Direct Contact ◽  
Intergroup Contact ◽  
The United States ◽  
Government Support ◽  
Group Status ◽  
Cultural Contexts ◽  
Extended Contact ◽  
Different Types

Abstract Two studies were conducted to examine the relationship between three different types of intergroup contact (i.e., direct contact, extended contact, and online contact) and outgroup evaluation, and the moderating effect of group status and sociopolitical contexts across two cultural contexts. A total of 75 European Americans (majority) and 44 Chinese Americans (minority) participated in Study 1; whereas 61 Javanese (majority) and 72 Chinese Indonesians (minority) participated in Study 2. In both studies, participants completed an outgroup feeling thermometer as well as a set of questionnaires measuring intergroup contact, perceived outgroup political power, perceived outgroup economic power, perceived government support, and perceived quality of the current intergroup relations. Results from the two studies revealed that although contact was beneficial in both cultural contexts, there were notable moderators of the links between contact and outgroup evaluations. Specifically, the value of direct contact was greater for the minority group members in the United States, extended contact only mattered in a specific condition when the perceived government support was taken into account in the United States, and online contact was beneficial across group status in the Indonesian context. Overall, the findings provide evidence of the need to take into account the role of specific sociopolitical relations between the two groups in intergroup relations research.

scholarly journals Indirect contact in social networks: Challenging common interpretations of the extended contact hypothesis

2019 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 441-461
Author(s):  
Tobias H. Stark
Keyword(s):  
Direct Contact ◽  
Black People ◽  
Prejudice Reduction ◽  
Contact Hypothesis ◽  
Indirect Contact ◽  
Attitudes Toward Immigrants ◽  
The Us ◽  
Extended Contact ◽  
Social Network Approach ◽  
Nonprobability Sample

According to the extended contact hypothesis, direct intergroup contact is not necessary for prejudice reduction; it suffices to know that ingroup friends have outgroup friends. However, extended contact is typically measured in a way that does not clarify whether people know the outgroup friend of their ingroup friend or whether they are even direct friends. A social network approach is used to compare extended contact when ingroup friends’ outgroup friends are not direct friends (open triads) to when there is a direct friendship with some (mixed triads) or all of the ingroup friends’ outgroup friends (closed triads). Results from a nonprobability sample in the US predicting feelings toward Black people ( N = 313) and from a representative sample in the Netherlands predicting attitudes toward immigrants ( N = 818) show that extended contact reduces prejudice only when some of the outgroup friends of one’s ingroup friends are known. This suggests that the extended contact effect should not be interpreted as providing a solution for situations where direct contact with outgroup members is not possible.

scholarly journals Crossing the divide: promoting confidence in contact in a diverse world

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 51-59
Author(s):  
Rhiannon N. Turner
Keyword(s):  
Intergroup Relations ◽  
Intergroup Contact ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Positive Interactions ◽  
Extended Contact ◽  
Diverse World ◽  
Societal Level ◽  
Group Relationships ◽  
Imagined Contact ◽  
The Many

We are living in an increasingly diverse world, an exciting prospect given that positive interactions between people from different social groups have numerous benefits. Unfortunately, however, people often fail to engage in such interactions. Moreover, there is evidence that prejudice, both at an individual and a societal level, remains prevalent. To navigate the diverse world in which we live and, in turn, promote positive intergroup relations, it is important to develop skills and beliefs that will enable us to engage confidently in cross-group relationships. This article will highlight research which demonstrates some of the many benefits of engaging in intergroup contact, from more positive intergroup relations to broader changes in the way we think. The importance of promoting confidence at engaging in contact and its potential predictors and outcomes will be considered. Finally, interventions—specifically extended contact, imagined contact and online contact or e-contact—will be outlined that can help to make people more confident, and in turn more likely to engage in successful interactions with people from different backgrounds to themselves.

Pengaruh Lintas Budaya Pada Pemasaran Internasional Dengan Pendekatan Perilaku Konsumen

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 168-176
Author(s):  
Endy Gunanto ◽  
Yenni Kurnia Gusti
Keyword(s):  
Consumer Behavior ◽  
Marketing Strategy ◽  
Consumer Culture ◽  
International Organization ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
Cross Culture ◽  
Several Variables ◽  
Cultural Orientations ◽  
The Impact

In this article we present a conceptual of the effect of cross culture on consumer behavior incorporating the impact of globalization. This conceptual idea shows that culture inûuences various domains of consumer behavior directly as well as through international organization to implement marketing strategy. The conceptual identify several factors such as norm and value in the community, several variables and also depicts the impact of other environmental factors and marketing strategy elements on consumer behavior. We also identify categories of consumer culture orientation resulting from globalization. Highlights of each of the several other articles included in this special issue in Asia region. We conclude with the contributions of the articles in terms of the consumer cultural orientations and identify directions for future research.

Reduce odor and NH3 emission: condensation of the carbonatation vapors

2017 ◽  
pp. 534-537
Author(s):  
Nico Antens ◽  
Jan L.M. Struijs
Keyword(s):  
Direct Contact ◽  
Waste Heat ◽  
Pilot Scale ◽  
Sugar Production ◽  
Two Stage ◽  
Indirect Contact ◽  
Nh3 Emission ◽  
Emission Limits ◽  
Plant Trials ◽  
Contact Condensation

At beet sugar production, vapors from first and second carbonatation contain a significant amount of odor components, NH3 and waste heat, which are normally directly released into the environment. Due to sustainability motivations, obligations regarding odor nuisance and expected stricter regulations regarding NH3 emission limits, Suiker Unie decided to take measures to reduce emission via the carbonatation vapors. During the 2015 beet campaign, pilot scale plant trials have been performed to investigate the effectiveness of indirect contact and direct contact condensation of these vapors. Based on this experimental work a two-stage gas scrubbing concept was designed: in the first stage main goal is condensing the vapors and reuse the heat of condensation to heat up limed juice, while the actual scrubbing takes place in the second scrubber. This two-stage gas scrubbing installation has been built at the Vierverlaten factory and was started up in the 2016 beet campaign. The background, pilot scale trials, concept of design and achieved reductions in odor and NH3 emission at industrial scale are discussed.

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