Weight smoothing for nonprobability surveys

Adjustment techniques to mitigate selection bias in nonprobability samples often involve modelling the propensity to participate in the nonprobability sample along with inverse propensity weighting. It is well known that procedures for estimating weights are effective if the covariates selected in the propensity model are related to both the variable of interest and the participation indicator. In most surveys, there are many variables of interest, making weight adjustments difficult to determine as a suitable weight for one variable may be unsuitable for other variables. The standard compromise is to include a large number of covariates in the propensity model but this may increase the variability of the estimates, especially when some covariates are weakly related to the variables of interest. Weight smoothing, developed for probability surveys, could be helpful in these situations. It aims to remove the variability caused by overfit propensity models by replacing the inverse propensity weights with predicted weights obtained using a smoothing model. In this article, we study weight smoothing in the nonprobability survey context, both theoretically and empirically, to understand its effectiveness at improving the efficiency of estimates.

Pengaruh Dukungan Sosial, Basis Pengetahuan Dan Orientasi Pribadi Terhadap Keberhasilan Wanita Wirausaha

The purpose of this study is to find out 1) whether there is an influence of social support on the entrepreneurs women in West Jakarta 2) whether there is an influence of the knowledge base on the success of entrepreneurs women in West Jakarta 3) whether there is an influence of personal orientation on the success of entrepreneurs women in West Jakarta. The population in this study were entrepreneurs women in West Jakarta. The sample used in this study is 80 entrepreneur female respondents in West Jakarta. The sampling technique used was nonprobability sample with judgment sampling method .Overall the results of this study are 1) Social support has a positive effect on the success of entrepreneurs women in West Jakarta 2) Knowledge base has a positive effect on the success of entrepreneurs women in West Jakarta 3) Personal orientation has a positive effect on the success of entrepreneurs women in West Jakarta. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui 1) apakah terdapat pengaruh dukungan sosial terhadap keberhasilan wanita wirausaha di Jakarta Barat 2) apakah terdapat pengaruh basis pengetahuan terhadap keberhasilan wanita wirausaha di Jakarta Barat 3) apakah terdapat pengaruh orientasi pribadi terhadap keberhasilan wanita wirausaha di Jakarta Barat. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah wanita wirausaha di Jakarta Barat. Sampel yang digunakan pada penelitian ini yaitu 80 responden wanita wirausaha di Jakarta Barat . Teknik pengambilan sampel yang digunakan yaitu nonprobability sample dengan metode pengambilan sampel judment sampling. Secara keseluruhan hasil dari penelitian ini yaitu 1) Dukungan sosial berpengaruh positif terhadap keberhasilan wanita wirausaha di Jakarta Barat 2) Basis pengetahuan berpengaruh positif terhadap keberhasilan wanita wirausaha di Jakarta Barat 3) Orientasi pribadi berpengaruh positif terhadap keberhasilan wanita wirausaha di Jakarta Barat.

Standardized calibration adjustment index (SCAI): A new measure of survey data quality

In this article, we introduce a new indicator of survey data quality called the standardized calibration adjustment index (SCAI). The SCAI quantifies the difference in the distributions of variables used in the calibration of survey respondents to the target population, accounting for the study design. It does so by a function of the change in respondent-level weights developed to calibrate the survey data to known population totals. A key feature of the SCAI is that it does not require auxiliary information to exist on the sampling frame. The SCAI can be used as a survey data quality metric in both probability and nonprobability sample settings, which we show through example applications with an outbound dual-frame random digit dialing telephone survey, an address-based sample survey, and a redirected inbound call sampling survey.

Blending Probability and Nonprobability Samples with Applications to a Survey of Military Caregivers

Probability samples are the preferred method for providing inferences that are generalizable to a larger population. However, in many cases, this approach is unlikely to yield a sample size large enough to produce precise inferences. Our goal here is to improve the efficiency of inferences from a probability sample by combining (or blending) it with a nonprobability sample, which is (by itself) potentially fraught with selection biases that would compromise the generalizability of results. We develop novel methods of statistical weighting that may be used for this purpose. Specifically, we make a distinction between weights that can be used to make the two samples representative of the population individually (disjoint blending) and those that make only the combined sample representative (simultaneous blending). Our focus is on weights constructed using propensity scores, but consideration is also given to calibration weighting. We include simulation studies that, among other illustrations, show the gain in precision provided by the convenience sample is lower in circumstances where the outcome is strongly related to the auxiliary variables used to align the samples. Motivating the exposition is a survey of military caregivers; our interest is focused on unpaid caregivers of wounded, ill, or injured US servicemembers and veterans who served following September 11, 2001. Our work serves not only to illustrate the proper execution of blending but also to caution the reader with respect to its dangers, as invoking a nonprobability sample may not yield substantial improvements in precision when assumptions are valid and may induce biases in the event that they are not.

Nonparametric Mass Imputation for Data Integration

Data integration combining a probability sample with another nonprobability sample is an emerging area of research in survey sampling. We consider the case when the study variable of interest is measured only in the nonprobability sample, but comparable auxiliary information is available for both data sources. We consider mass imputation for the probability sample using the nonprobability data as the training set for imputation. The parametric mass imputation is sensitive to parametric model assumptions. To develop improved and robust methods, we consider nonparametric mass imputation for data integration. In particular, we consider kernel smoothing for a low-dimensional covariate and generalized additive models for a relatively high-dimensional covariate for imputation. Asymptotic theories and variance estimation are developed. Simulation studies and real applications show the benefits of our proposed methods over parametric counterparts.

Pengaruh Keterampilan Kewirausahaan, Orientasi pasar dan Orientasi Penjualan terhadap Kinerja Usaha UMKM

The purpose of this study is to find out 1) To find out whether entrepreneurship skills have an influence on the performance of micro and small businesses in the culinary field in North Jakarta.2) To find out whether market orientation has an influence on the performance of micro and small businesses in the culinary sector in North Jakarta. 3) To find out whether sales orientation has an influence on the performance of micro and small businesses in the culinary sector in North Jakarta. The population in this study were entrepreneur in Jakarta. The sample used in this study was 40 respondents from micro small medium enterprises in North Jakarta. The sampling technique used was nonprobability sample with purposive sampling sampling method. Overall the results of this study are 1) Entrepreneurial skills have an influence on the performance of micro and small businesses in the culinary field in North Jakarta, 2) Market orientation has an influence on the performance of micro and small businesses in the culinary sector in North Jakarta, 3) Sales orientation has an influence on the performance of micro small and medium enterprises in the culinary sector in North Jakarta. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui 1) Untuk mengetahui apakah keterampilan kewirausahaan memiliki pengaruh terhadap kinerja usaha mikro kecil dan menengah pada bidang kuliner di Jakarta Utara. 2) Untuk mengetahui apakah orientasi pasar memiliki pengaruh terhadap kinerja usaha mikro kecil dan menengah pada bidang kuliner di Jakarta Utara. 3) Untuk mengetahui apakah orientasi penjualan memiliki pengaruh terhadap kinerja usaha mikro kecil dan menengah pada bidang kuliner di Jakarta Utara. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah wirausaha di Jakarta. Sampel yang digunakan pada penelitian ini yaitu 40 responden wirausaha di Jakarta Utara . Teknik pengambilan sampel yang digunakan yaitu nonprobability sample dengan metode pengambilan sampel purposive sampling. Secara keseluruhan hasil dari penelitian ini yaitu 1) Keterampilan kewirausahaan memiliki pengaruh terhadap kinerja usaha mikro kecil dan menengah pada bidang kuliner di Jakarta Utara, 2) Orientasi pasar memiliki pengaruh terhadap kinerja usaha mikro kecil dan menengah pada bidang kuliner di Jakarta Utara , 3) Orientasi penjualan memiliki pengaruh terhadap kinerja usaha mikro kecil dan menengah pada bidang kuliner di Jakarta Utara.

THE STATE OF THE NATION: A 50-STATE COVID-19 SURVEY REPORT #7: UPDATE ON VOTE BY MAIL

We surveyed 19,052 individuals across all 50 states plus the District of Columbia. The survey was conducted on 10-26 July 2020 by PureSpectrum via an online, nonprobability sample, with state-level representative quotas for race/ethnicity, age, and gender (for methodological details on the other waves, see covidstates.org). In addition to balancing on these dimensions, we reweighted our data using demographic characteristics to match the U.S. population with respect to race/ethnicity, age, gender, education, and living in urban, suburban, or rural areas. This was the seventh in a series of surveys we have been conducting since April 2020, examining attitudes and behaviors regarding COVID-19 in the United States.Overall, support for voting by mail is quite high, with 64% of likely voters in our survey1 supporting making it easier to vote by mail, and only 23% opposing.Similarly, more Americans who say they plan to vote in 2020 support than oppose universal extension of vote by mail. A total of 66% of likely voters report that they would support giving every American the right to vote by mail in November, with 22% opposing.

KETERAMPILAN PROSES PADA PEMBELAJARAN PERMAINAN SAINS KELOMPOK B2 TK PERWARI 1 KOTA TASIKMALAYA

ABSTRACTThis research was initiated against the backdrop to reply to a question problems that had occurred about the extent to which the influence of the game of science on skill the process of a group of B2 in TK Perwari 1 Tasikmalaya City. In proving and analyze these problems, then the researcher uses the quantitative in pre-eksperimental with the approach one shot case study or could be called to the study the case of one shot. The subject of study were 6 child up to the age 5-6 years .The sample collection nonprobability sample using a technique that is purposive sampling. This research using a technique data collection by the use of observation and documentation. An instrument the research uses sheets of observation skills the process of science children and a record of observation science teachers in the management of learning the game. Data were analyzed by descriptive qualitative. The result of this research suggests that skills science the process was increased on each meeting starting from the meeting I of 65,27 %, meeting II of 75,69 %, and the meeting of 86,11 % III. %, with the science process skills of each indicator over three meetings as follows: (1) The observation process skills are 54.16%, 61.11%, 68, 05%; (2) classifying process skills is 47.22%, 62.5%, 69.44; (3) the skill of communicating processes 37.5%, 43.75%, 60.41%. Activities of teachers has increased, the first meeting by 61%, amounting to 91% of meeting II and III meeting of 92%. ABSTRAKPenelitian ini dilatar belakangi untuk menjawab pertanyaan permasalahan mengenai sejauh mana pengaruh permainan sains terhadap keterampilan proses kelompok B2 TK Perwari 1 Kota Tasikmalaya. Dalam membuktikan dan menganalisis permasalahan diatas, maka peneliti menggunakan metode kuantitatif secara Pre-Eksperimental dengan pendekatan One Shot Case Study atau bisa disebut dengan Studi Kasus Satu Tembakan. Subjek penelitian berjumlah 6 anak berusia 5-6 tahun. Pengambilan sampel menggunakan teknik Nonprobability Sampel yaitu Purposive Sampling. Penelitian ini menggunakan teknik pengumpulan data dengan menggunakan observasi dan dokumentasi. Instrumen penelitian menggunakan lembar observasi keterampilan proses sains anak dan lembar observasi guru dalam pengelolaan pembelajaran permainan sains. Data yang terkumpul dianalisis secara deskriptif kualitatif. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa keterampilan proses sains anak ternyata mengalami peningkatan pada setiap pertemuannya dari mulai pertemuan I sebesar 65,27%, pertemuan II sebesar 75,69%, dan pertemuan III sebesar 86,11%, dengan keterampilan proses sains masing-masing indikator selama tiga pertemuan sebagai berikut: (1) keterampilan proses observasi adalah 54,16%, 61,11%, 68,05%; (2) keterampilan proses mengklasifikasi adalah 47,22%, 62,5%, 69,44; (3) keterampilan proses mengkomunikasikan 37,5%, 43,75%, 60,41%. Aktivitas guru mengalami peningkatan, pertemuan I sebesar 61%, pertemuan II sebesar 91 %, dan pertemuan III sebesar 92%.

Validity of the “Big Data Tendency in Education” Scale as a Tool Helping to Reach Inclusive Social Development

Big Data technology can be a great resource for achieving the Sustainable Development Goals in a fair and inclusive manner; however, only recently have we begun to analyse its impact on education. This research goal was to analyse the psychometric characteristics of a scale to assess opinions that educators in training have about Big Data besides their related emotions. This is important, as it will be the educators of the future who will have to manage with Big Data at school. A nonprobability sample of 337 education students from Peru and Spain was counted. Internal consistency, as well as validity, were analysed through exploratory and confirmatory factorial analysis. The results show good psychometric values, highlighting as relevant a latent structure of six factors that includes emotional and cognitive dimensions. As a result, the profile defining the participants in relation to Big Data was identified. Finally, the implications of the Big Data for Inclusive Education in a sustainable society are discussed.

Sexual and Gender Minorities' Readiness and Interest in Supporting Peers Experiencing Suicide-Related Behaviors

Background: Gatekeeper training is a widely recommended suicide prevention intervention that encourages the development of knowledge and the identification and support of those at risk of suicide. Yet, this strategy has not been implemented among sexual and gender minorities (SGM), a group at high risk of suicide. Aim: The aim of this study was to describe the readiness and interest of SGM in supporting peers experiencing suicide-related behaviors. Method: We analyzed data from an online cross-sectional survey of Canadian SGM ( n = 2778). Results: In total, 90% of participants had ≥1 SGM peer with depression, and 73% had ≥1 SGM peer who had previously attempted suicide; 74% said they knew what to do to support a peer experiencing suicide risk, and 77% indicated they knew where to refer them. Furthermore, 94% were interested in learning how to recognize signs of suicidality, while 95% were interested in learning skills to support a peer struggling with suicidality and 81% of those indicated a preference to learn these skills online. Limitations: The study used a nonprobability sample and cross-sectional design. Conclusion: SGM are largely interested in learning suicide prevention skills and, as such, more resources are needed to implement and scale up evidence-based approaches for gatekeeper training among SGM.