scholarly journals The paradox of poor representation: How voter–party incongruence curbs affective polarisation

2021 ◽  
pp. 136914812110485
Author(s):  
Nahema Marchal ◽  
David S Watson
Keyword(s):  
Political Parties ◽  
Instrumental Variable ◽  
Election Study ◽  
Variable Approach ◽  
Key Driver ◽  
Causal Impact ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Instrumental Variable Approach ◽  
Potential Determinant

Research on the relationship between ideology and affective polarisation highlights ideological disagreement as a key driver of animosity between partisan groups. By operationalising disagreement on the left–right dimension, however, existing studies often overlook voter–party incongruence as a potential determinant of affective evaluations. How does incongruence on policy issues impact affective evaluations of mainstream political parties and their leaders? We tackle this question by analysing data from the British Election Study collected ahead of the 2019 UK General Election using an instrumental variable approach. Consistent with our expectations, we find that voter–party incongruence has a significant causal impact on affective evaluations. Perceived representational gaps between party and voter drive negative evaluations of the in-party and positive evaluations of the opposition, thus lowering affective polarisation overall. The results offer a more nuanced perspective on the role of ideological conflict in driving affective polarisation.

Blockholder Ownership and Corporate Control: The Role of Liquidity

2014 ◽  
Vol 04 (01) ◽  
pp. 1450003 ◽  
Author(s):  
William C. Gerken
Keyword(s):  
Instrumental Variable ◽  
Corporate Control ◽  
Regulatory Change ◽  
Variable Approach ◽  
Large Shareholders ◽  
Block Formation ◽  
Instrumental Variable Approach

Employing an instrumental variable approach based on the regulatory change of tick sizes, I examine the link between the liquidity of a firm's equity and activism by large shareholders. I find that liquidity increases the likelihood of block formation. Blockholders of more liquid securities take smaller stakes that do not precommit them to monitor. I find evidence that the threat of exit from a block can discipline managers and that this threat is more effective when liquidity is higher. While liquidity increases exit from existing blocks, I find no evidence that share illiquidity that forces blockholders to actively monitor.

scholarly journals Panic on the Streets of London: Police, Crime, and the July 2005 Terror Attacks

2011 ◽  
Vol 101 (5) ◽  
pp. 2157-2181 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mirko Draca ◽  
Stephen Machin ◽  
Robert Witt
Keyword(s):  
Police Officers ◽  
Instrumental Variable ◽  
Terror Attacks ◽  
Variable Approach ◽  
Percent Increase ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Causal Impact ◽  
Instrumental Variable Approach ◽  
Police Activity

In this paper we study the causal impact of police on crime, looking at what happened to crime and police before and after the terror attacks that hit central London in July 2005. The attacks resulted in a large redeployment of police officers to central London as compared to outer London. During this time, crime fell significantly in central relative to outer London. The instrumental variable approach we use uncovers an elasticity of crime with respect to police of approximately -0.3 to -0.4, so that a 10 percent increase in police activity reduces crime by around 3 to 4 percent. JEL: K42

scholarly journals The relationship between health risk and consumption of confectioneries: An instrumental variable approach

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 303-315
Author(s):  
Yong Kang Cheah ◽  
◽  
Mohd Azahadi ◽  
Noor Safiza Mohd Nor ◽  
Siew Nooi Phang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Risk ◽  
Instrumental Variable ◽  
Variable Approach ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Instrumental Variable Approach

The Causal Impact of Grammatical Gender Marking on Gender Wage Inequality and Country Income Inequality

2017 ◽  
Vol 57 (6) ◽  
pp. 1216-1251 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amir Shoham ◽  
Sang Mook Lee
Keyword(s):  
Income Inequality ◽  
Wage Inequality ◽  
Instrumental Variable ◽  
Wage Gap ◽  
Variable Approach ◽  
Indirect Impact ◽  
Causal Impact ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Instrumental Variable Approach ◽  
Gender Wage Inequality

In this study, we investigate, both theoretically and empirically, the impact of language gender marking on gender wage inequality and country income inequality. We find that nations with a higher level of gender marking in their dominant language have a higher wage gap between genders. Using an instrumental variable approach, we also find that gender marking has an indirect impact on country income inequality via gender wage inequality. Furthermore, we find evidence that the income inequality of a society as a whole (Palma ratio and Gini index, interchangeably) is affected by gender wage inequality. Finally, we document that linguistic gender marking outperforms survey-based cultural gender dimensions as a predictor of both gender wage inequality and country income inequality.

scholarly journals Rural-Urban Migration and Unemployment Tendency

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 16
Author(s):  
Mbu Daniel Tambi ◽  
Chuo Joshua Njuh
Keyword(s):  
Instrumental Variable ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Urban Migration ◽  
Job Seekers ◽  
Variable Approach ◽  
Rural Urban Migration ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Instrumental Variable Approach ◽  
And Training

<p><em>The study examined the effect of rural-urban migration on unemployment tendency, while controlling for other variables. We make use of the instrumental variable approach and probit controlling for endogeneity to determine the relationship between rural-urban migration and unemployment. Cameroon labour force survey is used to estimate our results. Results shows that the likelihood of unemployment decreases among rural-urban migrates compared to their rural counterparts who do not migrate. By the same token, holders of primary, secondary and tertiary levels of are less likely to be unemployed relative to their counterparts with no education, respectively. </em><em>These findings have a number of policy implementations: the government could create an enabling environment for labour markets to work better for the youths seeking employment and could invest rationally on education to enable the youth become self-reliant instead of job seekers through skill development and training.</em></p>

M&A deal initiation: the case of the unwelcome suitor

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 433-461 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frederick Davis ◽  
Thomas Walker ◽  
Linyi Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Instrumental Variable ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Multivariate Analyses ◽  
Estimation Procedure ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Variable Approach ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Two Step Estimation ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Instrumental Variable Approach

Purpose Within the context of mergers and acquisitions, the purpose of this paper is to clarify the relationship between the deal initiator and various outcomes of the deal, particularly in consideration of the cash position of the acquiring firm. Design/methodology/approach Using hand-collected deal initiation data from various filings on the Securities Exchange Commission EDGAR online database, this paper performs a series of event study analyses, multivariate analyses, a Heckman two-step estimation procedure, and an instrumental variable approach to examine merger outcomes. Findings This paper finds that many merger and acquisition (M&A) outcomes (target and acquirer announcement returns, acquirer long-run returns, premiums, and the method of payment) are significantly related to deal initiation, particularly in consideration of the cash position of the acquiring firm. Overall, evidence is seen as consistent with the theory that “lemons” selectively approach cash-rich acquirers, often to the acquirers’ detriment. Originality/value This paper finds that target-initiated deals are not necessarily associated with poorer transaction outcomes for targets as contemporaneous studies suggest, and presents the first empirical evidence of M&A outcomes related to the deal initiator which are dependent on the cash position of the acquiring firm.

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