scholarly journals Panic on the Streets of London: Police, Crime, and the July 2005 Terror Attacks

2011 ◽  
Vol 101 (5) ◽  
pp. 2157-2181 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mirko Draca ◽  
Stephen Machin ◽  
Robert Witt
Keyword(s):  
Police Officers ◽  
Instrumental Variable ◽  
Terror Attacks ◽  
Variable Approach ◽  
Percent Increase ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Causal Impact ◽  
Instrumental Variable Approach ◽  
Police Activity

In this paper we study the causal impact of police on crime, looking at what happened to crime and police before and after the terror attacks that hit central London in July 2005. The attacks resulted in a large redeployment of police officers to central London as compared to outer London. During this time, crime fell significantly in central relative to outer London. The instrumental variable approach we use uncovers an elasticity of crime with respect to police of approximately -0.3 to -0.4, so that a 10 percent increase in police activity reduces crime by around 3 to 4 percent. JEL: K42

The Causal Impact of Grammatical Gender Marking on Gender Wage Inequality and Country Income Inequality

2017 ◽  
Vol 57 (6) ◽  
pp. 1216-1251 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amir Shoham ◽  
Sang Mook Lee
Keyword(s):  
Income Inequality ◽  
Wage Inequality ◽  
Instrumental Variable ◽  
Wage Gap ◽  
Variable Approach ◽  
Indirect Impact ◽  
Causal Impact ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Instrumental Variable Approach ◽  
Gender Wage Inequality

In this study, we investigate, both theoretically and empirically, the impact of language gender marking on gender wage inequality and country income inequality. We find that nations with a higher level of gender marking in their dominant language have a higher wage gap between genders. Using an instrumental variable approach, we also find that gender marking has an indirect impact on country income inequality via gender wage inequality. Furthermore, we find evidence that the income inequality of a society as a whole (Palma ratio and Gini index, interchangeably) is affected by gender wage inequality. Finally, we document that linguistic gender marking outperforms survey-based cultural gender dimensions as a predictor of both gender wage inequality and country income inequality.

scholarly journals Youth Bulges and Civil Conflict

2017 ◽  
Vol 62 (9) ◽  
pp. 1932-1962 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthias Flückiger ◽  
Markus Ludwig
Keyword(s):  
Instrumental Variable ◽  
Population Group ◽  
Civil Conflict ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Percentage Points ◽  
Variable Approach ◽  
Percent Increase ◽  
Youth Population ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Instrumental Variable Approach

The presence of an exceptionally large youth population, that is, a youth bulge, is often associated with an elevated risk of civil conflict. In this article, we develop an instrumental variable approach in which the size of the youth cohorts in Sub-Saharan Africa is identified using variation in birth-year drought incidence. Our results show that an increase in the size of the population group aged fifteen to nineteen raises the risk of low-intensity conflict. A 1 percent increase in the size of this age-group augments the likelihood of civil conflict incidence (onset) by 2.3 (1.2) percentage points. On the other hand, we do not find any association between the size of the two adjacent youth cohorts, that is, the population groups aged ten to fourteen and twenty to twenty-four.

scholarly journals The paradox of poor representation: How voter–party incongruence curbs affective polarisation

2021 ◽  
pp. 136914812110485
Author(s):  
Nahema Marchal ◽  
David S Watson
Keyword(s):  
Political Parties ◽  
Instrumental Variable ◽  
Election Study ◽  
Variable Approach ◽  
Key Driver ◽  
Causal Impact ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Instrumental Variable Approach ◽  
Potential Determinant

Research on the relationship between ideology and affective polarisation highlights ideological disagreement as a key driver of animosity between partisan groups. By operationalising disagreement on the left–right dimension, however, existing studies often overlook voter–party incongruence as a potential determinant of affective evaluations. How does incongruence on policy issues impact affective evaluations of mainstream political parties and their leaders? We tackle this question by analysing data from the British Election Study collected ahead of the 2019 UK General Election using an instrumental variable approach. Consistent with our expectations, we find that voter–party incongruence has a significant causal impact on affective evaluations. Perceived representational gaps between party and voter drive negative evaluations of the in-party and positive evaluations of the opposition, thus lowering affective polarisation overall. The results offer a more nuanced perspective on the role of ideological conflict in driving affective polarisation.

International Remittances and Private Healthcare in Kerala, India

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 445-460
Author(s):  
Mohd Imran Khan ◽  
Valatheeswaran C.
Keyword(s):  
Instrumental Variable ◽  
Capital Investment ◽  
Healthcare Expenditure ◽  
Healthcare Services ◽  
Private Healthcare ◽  
International Remittances ◽  
Variable Approach ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Instrumental Variable Approach

The inflow of international remittances to Kerala has been increasing over the last three decades. It has increased the income of recipient households and enabled them to spend more on human capital investment. Using data from the Kerala Migration Survey-2010, this study analyses the impact of remittance receipts on the households’ healthcare expenditure and access to private healthcare in Kerala. This study employs an instrumental variable approach to account for the endogeneity of remittances receipts. The empirical results show that remittance income has a positive and significant impact on households’ healthcare expenditure and access to private healthcare services. After disaggregating the sample into different heterogeneous groups, this study found that remittances have a greater effect on lower-income households and Other Backward Class (OBC) households but not Scheduled Caste (SC) and Scheduled Tribe (ST) households, which remain excluded from reaping the benefit of international migration and remittances.

scholarly journals Errors-in-Variables Identification in Dynamic Networks by an Instrumental Variable Approach

2014 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 2335-2340 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arne Dankers ◽  
Paul M.J. Van den Hof ◽  
Xavier Bombois ◽  
Peter S.C. Heuberger
Keyword(s):  
Instrumental Variable ◽  
Dynamic Networks ◽  
Errors In Variables ◽  
Variable Approach ◽  
Instrumental Variable Approach

Local Industrial Policy and Sectoral Hubs

2021 ◽  
Vol 111 ◽  
pp. 526-531
Author(s):  
Esteban Rossi-Hansberg ◽  
Pierre-Daniel Sarte ◽  
Felipe Schwartzman
Keyword(s):  
Optimal Policy ◽  
Spatial Model ◽  
Instrumental Variable ◽  
Professional Services ◽  
Specific Production ◽  
Production Externalities ◽  
Industrial Policies ◽  
Coastal Cities ◽  
Variable Approach ◽  
Instrumental Variable Approach

We study the desirability of industrial policies that generate sectoral hubs using a quantitative spatial model with cognitive nonroutine and other occupations. The productivity of each occupation in an industry depends on sector-specific production externalities, which we estimate using a model-implied instrumental variable approach. We find that the optimal policy gives rise to national hubs in coastal cities in tradable services, like professional services, and smaller regional hubs in less tradable services, like health and education. The optimal policy prescribes developing manufacturing in smaller towns. We decompose the implied changes in local costs and the available varieties in each sector.

scholarly journals Origins and Mechanisms of Social Influences in Couples: The Case of Retirement Decisions

2019 ◽  
Vol 35 (6) ◽  
pp. 790-806 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Eismann ◽  
Kène Henkens ◽  
Matthijs Kalmijn
Keyword(s):  
Older Workers ◽  
Instrumental Variable ◽  
Early Retirement ◽  
Variable Approach ◽  
Partner Influence ◽  
Course Work ◽  
Self Interest ◽  
Retirement Decisions ◽  
Instrumental Variable Approach ◽  
Large Representative

Abstract The interdependence between partners raises considerable interest in the sociology of life course, work, and families. Partner influences play a particularly important role in the work domain, because each partner’s work decisions have profound effects on the couple as a whole. In contrast to previous research, this article pays detailed attention to the role a partner plays in workers’ labour market decisions by analysing the case of early retirement decisions. We hypothesized that partners’ preferences for older workers’ retirement originate from altruism and self-interest. Moreover, we expected that partners influence older workers’ early retirement behaviour via persuasion and pressure. To adequately estimate partners’ and workers’ preferences for the worker’s retirement, we used an instrumental variable approach. This was possible because we collected multi-actor longitudinal data from a large representative sample of older workers and their partners in the Netherlands. The results support that spousal preferences originate in altruism and self-interest and that partners influence workers through persuasion and pressure. Gender differences in origins and mechanisms of partner influence are also discussed.

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