Tackling Low Female Labour Force Participation in Turkey: Continuity and Change in the Social Policy Environment with the EU Membership Process

According to Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy (CMIE) data, the average employment for January 2019-March 2020 was 403 million, which declined to 282 million in April 2020 and recovered steadily thereafter to reach 393million by August 2020. In India, female labour force participation is abysmally poor and has declined over the years, despite a rise in education. The causes for this are complex and, aside from objective factors, include a whole variety of social and cultural aspects. One of the factors causing this is the social mentality of women becoming homemakers. Furthermore, the scarcity of schooling and work-oriented courses, the lack of mobility, and sexism in the workplace have been deterrents to women's access to the public workspace. Therefore, initiatives that aim to fix this void need to be holistic. Legislation alone is not enough, and to close this gap, all stakeholders should join hands. The chapter attempts to analyse facets of the gender gap in labour force participation and economic empowerment disruption through the pandemic.

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Work Participation of Currently Married Women in Pakistan: Influence of Socio-Economic and Demographic Factors

The Pakistan Development Review ◽

10.30541/v14i4pp.469-492 ◽

1975 ◽

Vol 14 (4) ◽

pp. 469-492

Author(s):

Nasra M. Shah

Keyword(s):

Labour Force ◽

International Comparisons ◽

Labour Force Participation ◽

Work Participation ◽

Female Labour Force Participation ◽

Female Labour ◽

The Social ◽

Primary Focus ◽

Set Up ◽

Female Work Participation

The study of trends and structure of female labour force participation in -developing countries has attracted considerable attention over the past few years. Several international comparisons based on religious as well as socio-cultural and demographic differentials have been made. See, for example, Youssef [23, 24 and 25], Denti [6] and Boserup [4]. The primary focus of most of such studies consists of analysing female labour force participation rates and structure by controlling for one or two background factors like age or family structure. Fong's study [9] of West Malaysian women seems to be one of the few studies that have concentrated on analysing in a detailed and exhaustive manner the social and economic correlates of female work participation. Among the studies relating to labour force participation of Pakistani women, historical trends (Farooq [7]), structural set up (Farooq [8] and Bean |1 and 2]), and socio-cultural factors (Papanek [15], Pastner [16] and Saeed "[17]) have been analysed. Attempts have also been made at studying the cor¬relates of labour force participation, both for males and females [26 and 8].1 These studies have been referred to in the following sections wherever felt relevant.

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Economic Development and Female Labour Force Participation: The Case of European Union Countries

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su11071962 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (7) ◽

pp. 1962 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Amaia Altuzarra ◽

Catalina Gálvez-Gálvez ◽

Ana González-Flores

Keyword(s):

European Union ◽

Economic Development ◽

Fixed Effects ◽

Labour Force ◽

Labour Force Participation ◽

Ordinary Least Squares ◽

Female Labour Force Participation ◽

Female Labour ◽

Generalized Moments ◽

The Eu

In this paper, we studied the relationship between female labour force participation and economic development in the 28 countries of the European Union during the period 1990–2016. The analysis was carried out from two different viewpoints: first, we studied all the countries of the EU-28, and second, the evidence was disaggregated into two groups of countries: old (EU-15) and new (EU-13) member estates. The data used came from the World Bank open data repository and Eurostat. The methodology used consisted of the estimation of static (Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) and Fixed Effects (FE)) and dynamic (generalized moments model—GMM) models. Results for all European countries (EU-28) were consistent with the hypothesis which suggests the existence of a U-shaped relationship between female labour force participation and economic development. When the sample was broken down into groups, we found evidence that confirms the feminization hypothesis for the new countries of the EU, but not for the old ones.

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