Does the NCAA’s Collegiate Model Promote Competitive Balance? Power-5 Conference Football Versus the NFL

2018 ◽  
Vol 20 (5) ◽  
pp. 654-670
Author(s):  
E. Woodrow Eckard
Keyword(s):  
Present Article ◽  
National Football League ◽  
National Collegiate Athletic Association ◽  
Competitive Balance ◽  
Athletic Competition ◽  
Professional Model

The disparity between athlete compensation and major sports revenues has produced criticisms of The National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA)’s Collegiate Model of athletic competition. In defense, the NCAA argues that it promotes competitive balance. One implication is that moving toward a professional model would reduce balance. The present article tests this hypothesis by comparing competitive balance in Power-5 conference football to that for the professional National Football League (NFL) using a variety of balance metrics. The results provide no support for the NCAA’s implicit hypothesis of less balance in the NFL, undermining competitive balance as a legitimate defense of the NCAA’s Collegiate Model.

The Impact of Free Agency on Competitive Balance in North American Professional Team Sports Leagues

2006 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 345-365 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joel Maxcy ◽  
Michael Mondello
Keyword(s):  
National Football League ◽  
Team Sports ◽  
National Hockey League ◽  
Competitive Balance ◽  
Free Agency ◽  
Free Agent ◽  
Professional Team Sports ◽  
Dependent Variables ◽  
Sports Leagues ◽  
The Impact

Free agency was reintroduced to professional team sport leagues in the 1970s. Sport enthusiasts expressed concern that competitive balance would diminish as star players congregated to large market cities. However, the economic invariance principle rejects this notion, indicating that balance should remain unchanged. This article empirically examines the effects of changes in free agent rules on competitive balance over time in the National Basketball Association (NBA), National Football League (NFL), and National Hockey League (NHL). Regression analysis using within-season and between-season measures of competitive balance as dependent variables provides mixed results. The NFL and NHL provide evidence that an aspect of competitive balance has improved, but results from the NBA indicate that balance has worsened since the introduction of free agency. We conclude that the ambiguous results suggest that the effects are not independent, but instead depend on the interaction of free agent rights with other labor market and league rules.

scholarly journals Fluid Consumption and Sweating in National Football League and Collegiate Football Players With Different Access to Fluids During Practice

2010 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 128-135 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandra Fowkes Godek ◽  
Arthur R. Bartolozzi ◽  
Chris Peduzzi ◽  
Scott Heinerichs ◽  
Eugene Garvin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
National Football League ◽  
National Collegiate Athletic Association ◽  
Sweat Rate ◽  
Fluid Replacement ◽  
Football Players ◽  
Fluid Consumption ◽  
Sweat Loss ◽  
Sports Drinks ◽  
Football Team ◽  
Collegiate Football

Abstract Context: Considerable controversy regarding fluid replacement during exercise currently exists. Objective: To compare fluid turnover between National Football League (NFL) players who have constant fluid access and collegiate football players who replace fluids during water breaks in practices. Design: Observational study. Setting: Respective preseason training camps of 1 National Collegiate Athletic Association Division II (DII) football team and 1 NFL football team. Both morning and afternoon practices for DII players were 2.25 hours in length, and NFL players practiced for 2.25 hours in the morning and 1 hour in the afternoon. Environmental conditions did not differ. Patients or Other Participants: Eight NFL players (4 linemen, 4 backs) and 8 physically matched DII players (4 linemen, 4 backs) participated. Intervention(s): All players drank fluids only from their predetermined individual containers. The NFL players could consume both water and sports drinks, and the DII players could only consume water. Main Outcome Measure(s): We measured fluid consumption, sweat rate, total sweat loss, and percentage of sweat loss replaced. Sweat rate was calculated as change in mass adjusted for fluids consumed and urine produced. Results: Mean sweat rate was not different between NFL (2.1 ± 0.25 L/h) and DII (1.8 ± 0.15 L/h) players (F1,12  =  2, P  =  .18) but was different between linemen (2.3 ± 0.2 L/h) and backs (1.6 ± 0.2 L/h) (t14  =  3.14, P  =  .007). We found no differences between NFL and DII players in terms of percentage of weight loss (t7  =  −0.03, P  =  .98) or rate of fluid consumption (t7  =  −0.76, P  =  .47). Daily sweat loss was greater in DII (8.0 ± 2.0 L) than in NFL (6.4 ± 2.1 L) players (t7  =  −3, P  =  .02), and fluid consumed was also greater in DII (5.0 ± 1.5 L) than in NFL (4.0 ± 1.1 L) players (t7  =  −2.8, P  =  .026). We found a correlation between sweat loss and fluids consumed (r  =  0.79, P < .001). Conclusions: During preseason practices, the DII players drinking water at water breaks replaced the same volume of fluid (66% of weight lost) as NFL players with constant access to both water and sports drinks.

Posturing Responses in Concussions Sustained by Elite American Football Players

2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 203-207
Author(s):  
Scott L. Bruce ◽  
Kyra Dorney
Keyword(s):  
Current Literature ◽  
Brain Injuries ◽  
National Football League ◽  
National Collegiate Athletic Association ◽  
American Football ◽  
Football Players ◽  
Loss Of Consciousness ◽  
Inclusion Criteria ◽  
Association Football ◽  
Football Game

Current literature indicates loss of consciousness occurs in about 10% of concussions. Posturing presentations represent brain injuries and a loss of consciousness. The purpose of this study was to observe video evidence of football-game-related concussions to determine the rate in which a posturing presentation occurs in reported concussion. Over the course of three National Football League and three National Collegiate Athletic Association football seasons, 103 videos of 805 reported concussions met the inclusion criteria; 35 videos demonstrated a posturing presentation, for a rate of 33.98%. Our study indicates that the published statistic regarding loss of consciousness (occurring only about 10% of the time) may be too conservative.

Exogenous Policy Shock and Logic Centrality Shift: NBA Policy and NCAA Outcomes

2017 ◽  
Vol 31 (5) ◽  
pp. 452-465 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew Juravich ◽  
Brian M. Mills
Keyword(s):  
Sport Management ◽  
National Collegiate Athletic Association ◽  
Competitive Balance ◽  
Organizational Fields ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Exogenous Shock ◽  
Men's Basketball ◽  
Division 1 ◽  
Econometric Approach ◽  
The Impact

This study integrates the literature on organizational fields and logics of action with the sport management and economics literature by investigating the impact of an exogenous shock on talent distribution in the field of National Collegiate Athletic Association Division 1 men’s basketball. We examine data related to human resource entry and exit through the lens of the National Basketball Association’s one-and-done rule and its subsequent impact on competitive balance among National Collegiate Athletic Association Division 1 men’s basketball programs. Hypotheses are tested in relation to pre- and postshock talent dispersion and competitive balance employing an interdisciplinary econometric approach to evaluate management-driven outcomes. Broadly, we find improvements in balance and a broader distribution of player talent among schools comprising larger conferences, whereas smaller conferences experienced reductions or no changes in balance. Implications are discussed and future directions for integrated institutional theory and sport management research are suggested.

scholarly journals Defining Platelet-Rich Plasma Usage by Team Physicians in Elite Athletes

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 232596711876707 ◽  
Author(s):  
David E. Kantrowitz ◽  
Ajay S. Padaki ◽  
Christopher S. Ahmad ◽  
T. Sean Lynch
Keyword(s):  
Sports Medicine ◽  
National Football League ◽  
National Collegiate Athletic Association ◽  
Assessment Tool ◽  
Platelet Rich Plasma ◽  
Elite Athletes ◽  
National Hockey League ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Hamstring Injuries ◽  
Major League

Background: The indications for the use of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) are vaguely defined despite the frequency of its use as a treatment for athletes. While select studies have advocated for its efficacy, the majority of orthopaedic research conducted on the topic has been equivocal. Purpose: To define the use of PRP in elite athletes by team physicians from professional sports leagues. Study Design: Cross-sectional study. Methods: A survey assessing treatment timing, usage patterns, indications, and complications was generated by fellowship-trained sports medicine orthopaedic surgeons. The survey was distributed to team physicians from the National Football League, National Basketball Association, Major League Baseball, National Hockey League, Major League Soccer, and the “Power 5” Division I conferences of the National Collegiate Athletic Association. From a compilation of publicly available email addresses and those available from professional team physician associations, 149 team physicians were sent this PRP assessment tool. Results: Of the 149 professional and collegiate team physicians contacted, 59 started the survey and 46 completed it, resulting in a 39.6% participation rate and a 30.9% completion rate. Approximately 93% of physicians stated that they use PRP in their practices, and 72% use ultrasonography for injection guidance. On average, collegiate team physicians and National Football League physicians treated the most players per season with PRP (69.4 and 60.4 players, respectively), while National Hockey League physicians treated the fewest (18.0 players). The majority of respondents reported no complications from PRP injections (70%), with pain being the most common complication reported (26%). There was no consensus on the most important aspect of PRP formulation, with the top 2 responses being platelet concentration (48%) and white blood cell concentration (39%). When grading the importance of indications to use PRP, physicians found athlete desire on average (7.5 ± 2.2 [SD]; out of 10) to be more important than reimbursement (2.2 ± 2.2) ( P < .001). Importantly, physicians stated that they moderately (5.4 ± 2.3) believed in the evidence behind PRP. Physicians listed hamstring injuries as the most common injury treated with PRP. Hamstring injuries were treated with a mean 3.14 PRP injections, as opposed to 2.19 injections for nonhamstring injuries. Conclusion: Professional and collegiate team physicians frequently use PRP despite a lack of consensus regarding the importance of the formulation of the product, the timing of treatment, and the conditions that would most benefit from PRP treatment.

Competition, Legitimation, and the Regulation of Intercollegiate Athletics

1996 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vern Baxter ◽  
Anthony V. Margavio ◽  
Charles Lambert
Keyword(s):  
Intercollegiate Athletics ◽  
Ncaa Division I ◽  
National Collegiate Athletic Association ◽  
Division I ◽  
Stable Population ◽  
Athletic Competition ◽  
Competitive Environments ◽  
Regulatory Dynamics ◽  
Different Cultures ◽  
To Receive

This article uses data on sanctions against member schools of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) from 1952 to 1990 to examine density of competition and legitimacy of rules as regulatory dynamics in a relatively stable population of organizations. The NCAA regulates athletic competition through enforcement of rules that mediate between various definitions of legitimate conduct. Schools in less densely competitive environments are more likely to receive penalties for rules violations than are schools in more densely competitive environments. It is also found that NCAA Division I schools in the South, Southwest, and Midwest are significantly more likely to receive penalties than are schools in the Mideast and East. The article concludes that the legitimacy of rules varies across schools and across regions, creating different cultures of competition that affect the likelihood of deviance and sanction.

Should Antitrust Apply to Sports? 1957 and 1958

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
David George Surdam
Keyword(s):  
National Football League ◽  
Professional Sports ◽  
National Basketball Association ◽  
National Hockey League ◽  
Competitive Balance ◽  
Congressional Hearings ◽  
Farm Systems ◽  
Antitrust Legislation ◽  
Territorial Rights

This chapter focuses on the Congressional hearings conducted in 1957 and 1958 to address whether basketball, football, and hockey should be given a broad antitrust exemption similar to that of baseball. It first considers the introduction of different bills pertaining to professional sports and antitrust following the Supreme Court's ruling in Radovich v. NFL, with particular emphasis on antitrust legislation focusing on the National Football League (NFL), before discussing the farm systems in baseball and hockey pioneered by Branch Rickey of the St. Louis Cardinals. It also looks at the issue of the reserve clause and its effect upon competitive balance and concludes with an assessment of Congress's decision not to grant even partial antitrust exemptions for the reserve clause, draft, territorial rights, and commissioner powers in the NFL, National Basketball Association (NBA), and National Hockey League (NHL).

scholarly journals The Fractured Messaging of the National Collegiate Athletic Association and Its Members in Response to COVID-19

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 324-334
Author(s):  
Timothy Mirabito ◽  
Robin Hardin ◽  
Joshua R. Pate
Keyword(s):  
National Football League ◽  
National Collegiate Athletic Association ◽  
Youth Sports ◽  
Governance Structure ◽  
National Basketball Association ◽  
Division I ◽  
National Hockey League ◽  
The Public ◽  
Women's Basketball ◽  
Ladies Professional Golf Association

The sports world’s near universal moratorium in response to the COVID-19 pandemic was abrupt and unprecedented. From professional leagues to youth sports, doors were closed to competitions and events to help stop the spread of the coronavirus. The hiatus began at one of the busiest times on the calendar for sport, with the National Basketball Association and National Hockey League seasons concluding; the Women's National Basketball Association and National Football League drafts taking place; Major League Baseball's spring training nearing its conclusion; the Professional Golf Association and Ladies Professional Golf Association Tours starting their seasons; and the National Collegiate Athletic Association's marquee events, the Division-I men’s and women’s basketball tournaments, set to begin. The suddenness of the interruption was met with a need by the various sport entities to engage their public with information about their respective responses. The statements that emerged on or after March 12—“the day the sports world stopped”—were not all the same. Many of the statements, in fact, were quite different. That was especially the case with the National Collegiate Athletic Association, whose governance structure and messaging practices hindered their ability to have a uniform response. The purpose of this essay was to examine the public messaging of sport leagues and organizations and to discuss the effectiveness (or ineffectiveness) of those public statements.

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