Use of Eye Control to Select Switches

1986 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 154-158 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gloria L. Calhoun ◽  
William P. Janson ◽  
Christopher J. Arbak
Keyword(s):  
Switching Time ◽  
Verbal Response ◽  
Control Methods ◽  
Manual Response ◽  
Control Approach ◽  
Left Hand ◽  
Controlled Switching ◽  
Feasible Alternative ◽  
System Effectiveness ◽  
Candidate Control

Eye-controlled switching has been proposed as a biocybernetic control approach which may increase system effectiveness while reducing pilot workload. In this experiment, six subjects selected discrete switches on the front panel of a cockpit simulator while manually tracking a target. In two eye-controlled methods, the subjects directed their gaze at the switch indicated by an auditory cue and then made a consent input (either a manual response or a verbal response). In a conventional manual condition, subjects selected the switches with their left hand. The analysis of mean switching time suggests that eye control is a feasible alternative when hands-off control is desired. Tracking performance was found to differ significantly among switching conditions, indicating the importance of quantifying the efficiency of candidate control methods in visual workload environments analogous to that of the application environment.

Selective Attention and Cerebral Dominance in Perceiving and Responding to Speech Messages

1968 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 139-150 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne Treisman ◽  
Gina Geffen
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Difference ◽  
Response Competition ◽  
Cerebral Dominance ◽  
Verbal Response ◽  
Manual Response ◽  
Left Hand ◽  
Manual Responses ◽  
Left And Right ◽  
The Right ◽  
Ear Dominance

The effect of attention on cerebral dominance and the asymmetry between left and right ears was investigated using a selective listening task. Right handed subjects were presented with simultaneous dichotic speech messages; they shadowed one message in either the right or left ear and at the same time tapped with either the right or the left hand when they heard a specified target word in either message. The ear asymmetry was shown only when subjects' attention was focused on some other aspect of the task: they tapped to more targets in the right ear, but only when these came in the non-shadowed message; they made more shadowing errors with the left ear message, but chiefly for non-target words. The verbal response of shadowing showed the right ear dominance more clearly than the manual response of tapping. Tapping with the left hand interfered more with shadowing than tapping with the right hand, but there was little correlation between the degree of hand and of ear asymmetry over individual subjects. The results support the idea that the right ear dominance is primarily a quantitative difference in the distribution of attention to left and right ear inputs reaching the left hemisphere speech areas. This affects both the efficiency of speech perception and the degree of response competition between simultaneous verbal and manual responses.

The Influences of Goal and Laterality of a Prepared Hand Response on a Co-Occurring Visual Search

2015 ◽  
Vol 74 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandre Coutté ◽  
Gérard Olivier ◽  
Sylvane Faure
Keyword(s):  
Visual Search ◽  
Visual Target ◽  
Motor Planning ◽  
Search Performance ◽  
Response Preparation ◽  
Manual Response ◽  
Response Hand ◽  
Computer Screen ◽  
Left Hand ◽  
Manual Interaction

Computer use generally requires manual interaction with human-computer interfaces. In this experiment, we studied the influence of manual response preparation on co-occurring shifts of attention to information on a computer screen. The participants were to carry out a visual search task on a computer screen while simultaneously preparing to reach for either a proximal or distal switch on a horizontal device, with either their right or left hand. The response properties were not predictive of the target’s spatial position. The results mainly showed that the preparation of a manual response influenced visual search: (1) The visual target whose location was congruent with the goal of the prepared response was found faster; (2) the visual target whose location was congruent with the laterality of the response hand was found faster; (3) these effects have a cumulative influence on visual search performance; (4) the magnitude of the influence of the response goal on visual search is marginally negatively correlated with the rapidity of response execution. These results are discussed in the general framework of structural coupling between perception and motor planning.

A Case Library Creating Method Based on Risk Control of Tunnel Engineering

2011 ◽  
Vol 323 ◽  
pp. 151-156
Author(s):  
Zi Qi Tang ◽  
Hui Ming Wu ◽  
Yi Wen Bian
Keyword(s):  
Risk Control ◽  
Engineering Management ◽  
Structural Level ◽  
Control Methods ◽  
Tunnel Engineering ◽  
Case Library ◽  
Control Approach ◽  
Similarity Threshold ◽  
Tree Inference ◽  
Representation Method

Because of low knowledge structural level in real tunnel engineering management, existing risk control methods (e.g., rule reasoning, decision tree inference) cannot completely meet the actual engineering demands. Considering the complexity of risk analysis of the tunnel engineering, this paper presents an aggregated risk control approach for tunnel engineering based on case library, i.e., representing case attribute modules using Frame representation method, reducing attributes using rough set technology, and simplifying case library by removing its redundancy in attribute similarity threshold.

scholarly journals Unified Switching between Active Flying and Perching of a Bioinspired Robot Using Impedance Control

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shanshan Du ◽  
Heping Chen ◽  
Yong Liu ◽  
Runting Hu
Keyword(s):  
Animal Behavior ◽  
Position Control ◽  
Control Method ◽  
Impedance Control ◽  
Dimensional Space ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Control Methods ◽  
Prior Work ◽  
Control Approach ◽  
Three Dimensional Space

Currently, a bottleneck problem for battery-powered microflying robots is time of endurance. Inspired by flying animal behavior in nature, an innovative mechanism with active flying and perching in the three-dimensional space was proposed to greatly increase mission life and more importantly execute tasks perching on an object in the stationary way. In prior work, we have developed some prototypes of flying and perching robots. However, when the robots switch between flying and perching, it is a challenging issue to deal with the contact between the robot and environment under the traditional position control without considering the stationary obstacle and external force. Therefore, we propose a unified impedance control approach for bioinspired flying and perching robots to smoothly contact with the environment. The dynamic model of the bioinspired robot is deduced, and the proposed impedance control method is employed to control the contact force and displacement with the environment. Simulations including the top perching and side perching and the preliminary experiments were conducted to validate the proposed method. Both simulation and experimental results validate the feasibility of the proposed control methods for controlling a bioinspired flying and perching robot.

Verbal-Response and Manual-Response Versions of the Milner Landmark Task: Normative Data

Cortex ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 593-600 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erminio Capitani ◽  
Marco Neppi-Mòdona ◽  
Edoardo Bisiach
Keyword(s):  
Normative Data ◽  
Verbal Response ◽  
Manual Response

Locus of Interference on the Stroop Test

1977 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 263-266 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel D. Wheeler
Keyword(s):  
Stroop Effect ◽  
Random Sequence ◽  
Stroop Test ◽  
Verbal Response ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Push Button ◽  
Verbal Responses ◽  
Left Hand ◽  
Time Required ◽  
The Right

On the Stroop test subjects are presented with a random sequence of color names printed in random colors of ink. They are asked to go through the list twice, once reading the words aloud and once naming the ink colors. In this experiment 36 college students were also asked to go through the lists using their fingers to make push button responses. With verbal responses naming the ink colors took nearly twice as long as reading the words, thus replicating the usual Stroop test results. With either the left hand or the right there was no difference between the time required by the subjects to respond to the words and to the ink colors. The disappearance of the Stroop effect with finger responses suggests strongly that the interference normally shown on the Stroop test occurs primarily in the processing of the verbal response.

An Optimal Control Approach to the Path Tracking Problem for an Automobile

1986 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 233-241 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Hatwal ◽  
E.C. Mikulcik
Keyword(s):  
Optimal Control ◽  
Control Method ◽  
Lane Change ◽  
Control Methods ◽  
Tracking Problem ◽  
Control Approach ◽  
Optimal Control Method ◽  
Linear And Nonlinear ◽  
Optimal Control Methods ◽  
Optimal Control Approach

The problem of determining the steering required for an automobile to follow a specified path is investigated using exact inverse and optimal control methods applied to simple linear and nonlinear vehicle models in lane-change maneuvers. The optimal control method results in solutions which provide for reasonably close tracking of the specified trajectories, but with reduced steering activity in comparison with what would be required for exact tracking, and also with less severe excursions in the slip angles, yaw rates and lateral accelerations. The results appear to be qualitatively consistent with the manner in which a real driver would react and the method could find applicability as a tool to compare the handling properties of different vehicles in a manner analogous to that of test drivers following a specified test course.

Recovering Planned Trajectories in Robotic Rehabilitation Therapies under the Effect of Disturbances

2014 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 34-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vijaykumar Rajasekaran ◽  
Joan Aranda ◽  
Alicia Casals
Keyword(s):  
Force Control ◽  
Healthy Subjects ◽  
Position Control ◽  
Control Unit ◽  
Muscle Synergies ◽  
Control Methods ◽  
Robotic Rehabilitation ◽  
Control Approach ◽  
Execution Speed ◽  
Resistive Forces

Robotic rehabilitation is an emerging technology in the field of Neurorehabilitation, which aims to achieve an effective patient recovery. This research focusses on the control strategy for an assistive exoskeleton aiming to reduce the effects of disturbances on planned trajectories during rehabilitation therapies. Disturbances are mostly caused by muscle synergies or by unpredictable actions produced by functional electrical stimulation. The effect of these disturbances can be either assistive or resistive forces depending on the patient's movement, which increase or decrease the speed of the affected joints by forcing the control unit to act consequently. In some therapies, like gait assistance, it is also essential to maintain synchronization between joint movements, to ensure a dynamic stability. A force control approach is used for all the joints individually, while two control methods are defined to act when disturbances are detected: Cartesian position control (Cartesian level) and Variable execution speed (joint level). The trajectory to be followed by the patient is previously recorded using an active exoskeleton, H1, worn by healthy subjects. A realistic simulation model of the exoskeleton is used for testing the effect of disturbances on the particular joints and on the planned trajectory and for evaluating the performance of the two proposed control methods. The performances of the presented methods are evaluated by comparing the resulting trajectories with respect to those planned. The evaluation of the most suitable method is performed considering the following factors: stability, minimum time delay and synchronization of the joints.

Effect of Distance Information and Range on Two Indices of Visually Perceived Distance

Perception ◽  
1977 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 449-460 ◽  
Author(s):  
John M Foley
Keyword(s):  
Stimulus Condition ◽  
Target Distance ◽  
Verbal Response ◽  
Verbal Reports ◽  
Manual Response ◽  
Distance Information ◽  
Manual Responses ◽  
Response Stimulus ◽  
Two Indices ◽  
Definition Of

Subjects made verbal reports of the perceived distance of near visual targets and indicated their distances by pointing at them with an unseen hand. The targets were presented under three stimulus conditions: monocular, binocular, and multicue. Two ranges of target distance were studied in separate experiments: 11–39 cm and 21–33 cm. When reciprocals of both response distance and target distance were plotted, all functions were approximately linear. The verbal and manual responses (distance indices) differed greatly, but were found to be related by a constant transform. The range of target distances had no effect on either index. The standard deviation of the manual response was about half that of the verbal response. Stimulus condition had a large effect, with the multicue condition producing the greatest change in indicated distance, and the monocular condition the least. The results are discussed with reference to the definition of perceived distance, and hypotheses concerning the integration of distance information.

scholarly journals Transparent Data Reduction in Networked Telepresence and Teleaction Systems. Part II: Time-Delayed Communication

2007 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. 532-542 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandra Hirche ◽  
Martin Buss
Keyword(s):  
Time Delay ◽  
Data Reduction ◽  
Network Traffic ◽  
Data Transmission ◽  
Threshold Value ◽  
Control Methods ◽  
Control Approach ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Traffic Reduction ◽  
Remote Environment

Two of the major challenges in networked haptic telepresence and teleaction systems are the time delay associated with the data transmission over the network and the limited communication resources. Sophisticated control methods are available for the stabilization in the presence of time delay. The reduction of haptic network traffic, however, is only poorly treated in the known literature. Data reduction approaches for time delayed haptic telepresence are not available at all. This article presents a novel approach to reduce the network traffic in haptic telepresence systems with constant (unknown) time delay. With the proposed deadband control approach data are sent only if the signal to transmit changes more than a given threshold value. In order to guarantee stability with time delay and data reduction a well-known time delay approach, the scattering transformation, is extended. Experimental user studies show that an average network traffic reduction up to 96% is achieved without significantly impairing the perception of the remote environment compared to the standard approach with time delay.

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