Differential Effects of ‘Noise’ Stress and Workload on Salience and Hemispace Bias in a Screen-Based Target Acquisition Task

1995 ◽  
Vol 39 (13) ◽  
pp. 864-867
Author(s):  
Alan F. Stokes ◽  
James A. Pharmer ◽  
Aysenil Belger
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Stress Condition ◽  
Target Selection ◽  
Attentional Biases ◽  
Target Acquisition ◽  
Differential Effects ◽  
Noise Stress ◽  
Acquisition Task ◽  
High Bias ◽  
Related Stress

Attentional biases in stressed or overworked radar operators (airborne or in Combat Information Centers, etc.) may have important operational implications. This study examined the effects of workload and non-workload-related stress on salience bias in a screen-based target selection and engagement task. Results in the control condition confirmed that appreciable baseline salience bias existed. Moreover, in the non-task-related stress condition (noise/anxiety), a significant increase in salience bias was observed. Elevated workload, in contrast, was associated with no significant changes in salience bias. Overall, the results showed stable individual differences in salience bias and suggested that non-workload related stress influenced ‘high bias’ individuals proportionately more than ‘low bias’ individuals-an outcome with potential implications for selection. Subjects were also significantly biased toward the left hemispace, a powerful effect that remained even after the experiment was repeated using subjects’ left instead of right hands.

Visual disgust-elicitors produce an attentional blink independent of contextual and trait-level pathogen avoidance

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paola Perone ◽  
David Vaughn Becker ◽  
Joshua M. Tybur
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Visual Attention ◽  
Attentional Blink ◽  
Attentional Bias ◽  
Visual Stimuli ◽  
Attentional Biases ◽  
Attentional Processing ◽  
Trait Level ◽  
Task Irrelevant ◽  
Pathogen Avoidance

Multiple studies report that disgust-eliciting stimuli are perceived as salient and subsequently capture selective attention. In the current study, we aimed to better understand the nature of temporal attentional biases toward disgust-eliciting stimuli and to investigate the extent to which these biases are sensitive to contextual and trait-level pathogen avoidance motives. Participants (N=116) performed in an Emotional Attentional Blink (EAB) task in which task-irrelevant disgust-eliciting, fear-eliciting, or neutral images preceded a target by 200, 500, or 800 milliseconds (i.e., lag two, five and eight respectively). They did so twice - once while not exposed to an odor, and once while exposed to either an odor that elicited disgust or an odor that did not - and completed a measure of disgust sensitivity. Results indicate that disgust-eliciting visual stimuli produced a greater attentional blink than neutral visual stimuli at lag two and a greater attentional blink than fear-eliciting visual stimuli at both lag two and at lag five. Neither the odor manipulations nor individual differences measures moderated this effect. We propose that visual attention is engaged for a longer period of time following disgust-eliciting stimuli because covert processes automatically initiate the evaluation of pathogen threats. The fact that state and trait pathogen avoidance do not influence this temporal attentional bias suggests that early attentional processing of pathogen cues is initiated independent from the context in which such cues are perceived.

Ubiquitous Connectivity & Work-Related Stress

2011 ◽  
pp. 167-182 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Ramsay ◽  
M. Hair ◽  
K. V. Renaud
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Communication Technologies ◽  
Quarter Century ◽  
Work Related ◽  
Workplace Stressors ◽  
The Past ◽  
Related Stress ◽  
E Mail ◽  
The Way

The way humans interact with one another in the 21st Century has been markedly influenced by the integration of a number of different communication technologies into everyday life, and the pace of communication has increased hugely over the past twenty-five years. This chapter introduces work by the authors that considers the ways one communication-based technology, namely e-mail, has impacted workers’ “thinking time”, and become both a “workplace stressor” and an indispensable communications tool. Our research involved both a longitudinal exploration (three months) of the daily e-mail interactions of a number of workers, and a survey of individuals’ perceptions of how e-mail influences their communication behaviour in general, and their work-related communication in particular. Initial findings, in the form of individual differences, are reported here. The findings are presented in relation to the way workplace stressors have changed over the past quarter century.

Discrete-Trial Motor Learning: Influence of Practice on Individual Differences and Intra-Individual Variability

1969 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 827-831 ◽  
Author(s):  
Albert V. Carron
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Motor Learning ◽  
Learning Task ◽  
Individual Variability ◽  
Distributed Practice ◽  
Discrete Trial ◽  
College Males ◽  
Differential Effects

300 college males were tested on a discrete-trial motor-learning task (the peg turn) to examine the effects of practice under massing and distribution of practice upon individual differences and intra-individual variability. Massed and distributed practice did not have differential effects on these sources of variability. With practice, individual differences decreased early and then remained unchanged while intra-individual variability was substantially unchanged.

scholarly journals Expression of DinJ-YafQ System of Lactobacillus casei Group Strains in Response to Food Processing Stresses

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (10) ◽  
pp. 438
Author(s):  
Alessia Levante ◽  
Claudia Folli ◽  
Barbara Montanini ◽  
Alberto Ferrari ◽  
Erasmo Neviani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Food Processing ◽  
Dairy Products ◽  
Lactobacillus Casei ◽  
Stress Condition ◽  
Stress Conditions ◽  
Food Environments ◽  
Bacterial Genomes ◽  
Plate Counts ◽  
Related Stress

Toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems are widely distributed in bacterial genomes and are involved in the adaptive response of microorganisms to stress conditions. Few studies have addressed TA systems in Lactobacillus and their role in the adaptation to food environments and processes. In this work, for six strains belonging to L. casei group isolated from dairy products, the expression of DinJ-YafQ TA system was investigated after exposure to various food-related stresses (nutrient starvation, low pH, high salt concentration, oxidative stress, and high temperature), as well as to the presence of antibiotics. In particular, culturability and DinJ-YafQ expression were evaluated for all strains and conditions by plate counts and RT qPCR. Among all the food-related stress conditions, only thermal stress was capable to significantly affect culturability. Furthermore, exposure to ampicillin significantly decreased the culturability of two L. rhamnosus strains. The regulation of DinJ-YafQ TA system resulted strain-specific; however, high temperature was the most significant stress condition able to modulate DinJ-YafQ expression. The increasing knowledge about TA systems activity and regulation might offer new perspectives to understand the mechanisms that L. casei group strains exploit to adapt to different niches or production processes.

THE CROSS-LINGUISTIC STUDY OF LANGUAGE ACQUISITION. VOL. 5: EXPANDING THE CONTEXTS.Dan Isaac Slobin (Ed.). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum, 1997. Pp. xiii + 339. $89.95 cloth.

2000 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 113-114
Author(s):  
Susan A. Gelman
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Language Acquisition ◽  
First Language ◽  
Main Topic ◽  
Linguistic Study ◽  
The Core ◽  
Acquisition Task ◽  
The Cross

This is the fifth volume in a renowned series edited by Dan Slobin, focusing on cross-linguistic studies of children acquiring their first language. The series is seminal for its focus on languages other than English and for addressing the astonishing diversity and complexity of the language acquisition task. Slobin notes that, in contrast to Chomskyan models that consider core grammar to be the main topic of interest, the series was conceived with the notion of showing “how much fruit there is beyond the core” (p. 14). The goal of Volume 5 is to explore themes that were relatively backgrounded in the others. Specifically, these themes include: typological analysis, semantic systems, phonology and prosody, individual differences, and diachronic processes.

Development of a Control Theoretic Alternative to Fitts’ Law With Application to In-Vehicle Touchscreen Interface

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chao Wang ◽  
Bahram Ravani
Keyword(s):  
Physical Interpretation ◽  
Model Identification ◽  
Human Operator ◽  
Target Acquisition ◽  
Relative Movement ◽  
Brief Treatment ◽  
Fitts Law ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
Acquisition Task

A control theoretic alternative to Fitts’ Law based on a modified crossover model is proposed. A physical interpretation of the model offers the unification of various different formulations of Fitts’ Law. Model identification and validation is carried out for a target acquisition task using a touchscreen. A brief treatment of noise generated by random relative movement between the human operator and the touchscreen (such as in-vehicle touchscreen based devices) is considered using the proposed model.

Biomechanics of Front and Back-of-Tablet Pointing with Grasping Hands

2015 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 43-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katrin Wolf ◽  
Markus Schneider ◽  
John Mercouris ◽  
Christopher-Eyk Hrabia
Keyword(s):  
Target Selection ◽  
Kinematic Model ◽  
Target Acquisition ◽  
3D Data ◽  
Hand Pose

Considering the kinematic model of the hand allows for deeper understanding of target selection on the front and on the back of tablets. The authors found that the position where the thumb and fingers are naturally hovering when the device is held results in shortest target selection times. The authors broaden our understanding of that ergonomic optimum by analyzing the touch data as well as 3D data. That allows us to model the entire hand pose including finger angles, thumb angles, and orientation. The authors show how target acquisition with grasping hands is realized through bending the joints of the digits. For targets located very close to the palm of the grasping hand, the digit joints have to be bent till their limit, which is a less ergonomic motion that therefore requires longer selection times than pointing at targets with relaxed digits that are further away.

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