Script differences and masked translation priming: Evidence from Hindi-English bilinguals

2018 ◽  
Vol 71 (11) ◽  
pp. 2421-2438 ◽  
Author(s):  
Namrata Dubey ◽  
Naoko Witzel ◽  
Jeffrey Witzel
Keyword(s):  
Lateral Inhibition ◽  
Translation Priming ◽  
Roman Alphabet ◽  
The Cross ◽  
Cross Language ◽  
L1 And L2 ◽  
Masked Translation Priming

This study reports on two experiments investigating the effects of script differences on masked translation priming in highly proficient early Hindi-English bilinguals. In Experiment 1 (the cross-script experiment), L1 Hindi was presented in the standard Devanagari script, while L2 English was presented in the Roman alphabet. In Experiment 2 (the same-script experiment), both L1 Hindi and L2 English were presented in the Roman alphabet. Both experiments revealed translation priming in the L1-L2 direction. However, L2-L1 priming was obtained in the same-script experiment, but not in the cross-script experiment. These findings are discussed in relation to the orthographic cue hypothesis as well as hypotheses that hold that script differences influence the distance between the L1 and L2 in lexical space and/or cross-language lateral inhibition. We also provide alternative accounts for these results in terms of how orthographic cues provided by L1 targets might lead to the discontinuation or disruption of processing for L2 primes.

scholarly journals Is translation priming asymmetry due to partial awareness of the prime?

2014 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 657-669 ◽  
Author(s):  
XIN WANG ◽  
KENNETH FORSTER
Keyword(s):  
Semantic Interpretation ◽  
Semantic Activation ◽  
Prime Duration ◽  
Translation Priming ◽  
Priming Paradigm ◽  
The Cross ◽  
Cross Language ◽  
L1 And L2

A 50ms prime duration is often adopted in both L1-L2 and L2-L1 directions in the cross-language priming paradigm. It is unknown how aware bilinguals are of the briefly presented primes of different scripts; and whether the degree of awareness of L1 and L2 primes is at a similar level. Kouider and Dupoux's (2004) proposal of partial awareness suggests that 50ms English primes were sufficient to make a semantic interpretation. It is unclear whether this is the case when processing one's L2 or a different script. Experiment 1 was designed to measure the comparable prime durations for semantic interpretation of Chinese primes vs. English primes. Experiment 2 tested whether partial awareness of primes would cause priming asymmetry. Our findings demonstrate that a 50ms prime duration gave rise to different degrees of semantic activation in different scripts and L1/L2. However, increasing prime duration on L2 primes did not produce L2-L1 priming.

Target accessibility contributes to asymmetric priming in translation and cross-language semantic priming in unbalanced bilinguals

2017 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 157-176 ◽  
Author(s):  
YISRAEL SMITH ◽  
JOEL WALTERS ◽  
ANAT PRIOR
Keyword(s):  
Lexical Decision ◽  
Lexical Decision Task ◽  
Semantic Priming ◽  
Decision Task ◽  
Priming Effects ◽  
Lexical Activation ◽  
Frequency Of Use ◽  
Translation Priming ◽  
Cross Language ◽  
L1 And L2

The current study examined within- and cross-language connectivity in four priming conditions: repetition, translation, within-language semantic and cross-language semantic priming. Unbalanced Hebrew–English bilinguals (N = 89) completed a lexical decision task in one of the four conditions in both languages. Priming effects were significantly larger from L1 to L2 for translation priming and marginally so for cross-language semantic priming. Priming effects were comparable for L1 and L2 in repetition and within-language semantic priming. These results support the notion that L1 words are more effective primes but also that L2 targets benefit more from priming. This pattern of results suggests that the lower frequency of use of L2 lexical items in unbalanced bilinguals contributes to asymmetrical cross-language priming via lower resting-level activation of targets and not only via less efficient lexical activation of primes, as highlighted by the BIA+ model.

Bilingual lexical representation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chris Davis ◽  
Jeesun Kim
Keyword(s):  
Masked Priming ◽  
Lexical Representation ◽  
Considerable Heterogeneity ◽  
Translation Priming ◽  
Meta Analyses ◽  
Cross Language ◽  
Masked Translation Priming ◽  
Prime Target

Abstract This paper has two aims: (1) to examine evidence for noncognate translation priming from cross-language masked priming studies of printed words. (2) to introduce an automatic procedure for creating masked speech priming experiments. For (1) we conducted two meta-analyses that aggregated evidence from masked translation priming studies in the L1 to L2 and L2 to L1 prime-target directions. These showed that there was evidence of significant priming for both directions, and that priming was larger for the L1-L2 direction. The analyses revealed considerable heterogeneity in outcomes, particularly for priming in the L1 to L2 direction. For (2) we outlined some of the practical difficulties that are involved in implementing a masked speech priming experiment and offered a largely automated solution (that we will make available).1 We then briefly considered whether the work with written primes and targets may translate to the spoken medium.

Masked Translation Priming Effects With Highly Proficient Simultaneous Bilinguals

2010 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 98-107 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jon Andoni Duñabeitia ◽  
Manuel Perea ◽  
Manuel Carreiras
Keyword(s):  
Lexical Decision ◽  
Hierarchical Model ◽  
Priming Effect ◽  
Masked Priming ◽  
The Other ◽  
Memory Organization ◽  
Priming Effects ◽  
Bilingual Memory ◽  
Translation Priming ◽  
Masked Translation Priming

One essential issue for models of bilingual memory organization is to what degree the representation from one of the languages is shared with the other language. In this study, we examine whether there is a symmetrical translation priming effect with highly proficient, simultaneous bilinguals. We conducted a masked priming lexical decision experiment with cognate and noncognate translation equivalents. Results showed a significant masked translation priming effect for both cognates and noncognates, with a greater priming effect for cognates. Furthermore, the magnitude of the translation priming was similar in the two directions. Thus, highly fluent bilinguals do develop symmetrical between-language links, as predicted by the Revised Hierarchical model and the BIA+ model. We examine the implications of these results for models of bilingual memory.

Vowel development in young Mandarin-English bilingual children

Phonetica ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jing Yang
Keyword(s):  
Bilingual Children ◽  
Vowel Duration ◽  
Formant Frequency ◽  
High Group ◽  
English Bilingual ◽  
English Vowels ◽  
Vowel Systems ◽  
Phonetic Features ◽  
Cross Language ◽  
L1 And L2

Abstract This study examined the development of vowel categories in young Mandarin -English bilingual children. The participants included 35 children aged between 3 and 4 years old (15 Mandarin-English bilinguals, six English monolinguals, and 14 Mandarin monolinguals). The bilingual children were divided into two groups: one group had a shorter duration (<1 year) of intensive immersion in English (Bi-low group) and one group had a longer duration (>1 year) of intensive immersion in English (Bi-high group). The participants were recorded producing one list of Mandarin words containing the vowels /a, i, u, y, ɤ/ and/or one list of English words containing the vowels /i, ɪ, e, ɛ, æ, u, ʊ, o, ɑ, ʌ/. Formant frequency values were extracted at five equidistant time locations (the 20–35–50–65–80% point) over the course of vowel duration. Cross-language and within-language comparisons were conducted on the midpoint formant values and formant trajectories. The results showed that children in the Bi-low group produced their English vowels into clusters and showed positional deviations from the monolingual targets. However, they maintained the phonetic features of their native vowel sounds well and mainly used an assimilatory process to organize the vowel systems. Children in the Bi-high group separated their English vowels well. They used both assimilatory and dissimilatory processes to construct and refine the two vowel systems. These bilingual children approximated monolingual English children to a better extent than the children in the Bi-low group. However, when compared to the monolingual peers, they demonstrated observable deviations in both L1 and L2.

Perception of expressive prosodic speech acts performed in USA english by L1 and L2 speakers

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-45
Author(s):  
Donna Erickson ◽  
Albert Rilliard ◽  
João Antônio de Moraes ◽  
Takaaki Shochi
Keyword(s):  
Fundamental Frequency ◽  
Speech Acts ◽  
Acoustic Analysis ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Choice Test ◽  
Cultural Comparison ◽  
Cross Cultural Comparison ◽  
Frequency Code ◽  
Cross Language ◽  
L1 And L2

Attitudes have been described for different languages, with varying labels or contexts of occurrence for same labels. It renders cross-cultural comparison uncertain. A corpus was designed to bypass these limitations. This paper focuses on USA English produced by L1 and L2 speakers. The best performances in 9 attitudes are used in a forced-choice test, in both audio and visual modalities. Results show that 6 categories group the presented attitudes in coherent sets. The cultural origin affects marginally the categorisation of the expressions. An acoustic analysis of the fundamental frequency and intensity allows to test the predictions of two theoretical propositions – the Frequency code and the Effort code. It concludes to a main coherence of cross-language expressivity, and discusses differences. For negative expressions of imposition, L1 speakers follow the Frequency code – and L1 listeners expect this; L2 speakers use the Effort code in the same situations, leading to confusions in the audio-only modality. Differences for seduction and irony are also discussed.

scholarly journals Cross-Language End-to-End Speech Recognition Research Based on Transfer Learning for the Low-Resource Tujia Language

Symmetry ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 179 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chongchong Yu ◽  
Yunbing Chen ◽  
Yueqiao Li ◽  
Meng Kang ◽  
Shixuan Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Speech Recognition ◽  
Transfer Learning ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Recognition System ◽  
Language Recognition ◽  
Low Resource ◽  
End To End ◽  
The Cross ◽  
Hidden Layer ◽  
Cross Language

To rescue and preserve an endangered language, this paper studied an end-to-end speech recognition model based on sample transfer learning for the low-resource Tujia language. From the perspective of the Tujia language international phonetic alphabet (IPA) label layer, using Chinese corpus as an extension of the Tujia language can effectively solve the problem of an insufficient corpus in the Tujia language, constructing a cross-language corpus and an IPA dictionary that is unified between the Chinese and Tujia languages. The convolutional neural network (CNN) and bi-directional long short-term memory (BiLSTM) network were used to extract the cross-language acoustic features and train shared hidden layer weights for the Tujia language and Chinese phonetic corpus. In addition, the automatic speech recognition function of the Tujia language was realized using the end-to-end method that consists of symmetric encoding and decoding. Furthermore, transfer learning was used to establish the model of the cross-language end-to-end Tujia language recognition system. The experimental results showed that the recognition error rate of the proposed model is 46.19%, which is 2.11% lower than the that of the model that only used the Tujia language data for training. Therefore, this approach is feasible and effective.

Prosody transfer failure despite cross-language similarities

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-24
Author(s):  
Di Liu
Keyword(s):  
English Learners ◽  
Mixed Effects ◽  
Mixed Effects Models ◽  
Prosodic Features ◽  
Dynamic Nature ◽  
Linear Mixed Effects Models ◽  
Linear Mixed Effects ◽  
Mandarin Speakers ◽  
Cross Language ◽  
L1 And L2

Abstract This study investigates how English and Mandarin speakers (1) use pitch resets and pauses to signal discourse boundaries, and (2) use pitch, duration, and intensity to indicate contrastive stress in their L1s. This study also explores how Mandarin-speaking English learners use prosodic features in L1 Mandarin and L2 English. Linear mixed-effects models showed that Mandarin and English share similarities in the forms and functions of prosody. However, Mandarin-speaking English learners did not transfer prosody usage to L2 English despite these similarities. These findings suggest that L2 prosody learning is not a typological transfer between two static language systems. Rather, it involves the interaction between two complex and dynamic prosody systems, each with its own mapping between prosodic forms and functions. Prosody teaching, therefore, should take into account the dynamic nature of prosody and compare L1 and L2 prosody in forms, meanings, and functions.

Are Color Categories Innate or Internalized? Hypotheses and Implications

2005 ◽  
Vol 5 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 265-292 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Bimler
Keyword(s):  
Historical Development ◽  
Color Categories ◽  
The Cross ◽  
Special Circumstances ◽  
Cross Language ◽  
Experiential Quality ◽  
The Way

AbstractThe considerable agreement across languages in the way they categorize the color domain, despite independent historical development, demands an explanation. One option is to postulate a universal innate representation of the color categories, 'hardwired' into each observer's brain. An alternative is that observers internalize their color categories through a process of cultural (linguistic) transmission, constrained by some kind of 'optimality hypothesis' to account for the cross-language agreement. A number of optimality hypotheses are reviewed. It is tempting to believe that the vivid experiential quality of the categories can only be explained if they are determined by innate representations rather than by linguistic imprinting. However, linguistic transmission of color categories – perturbed from their optimal boundaries by special circumstances – fits best with the experience of dichromats. Even for the 'primary hue' categories, where the case for innate representations should be strongest, the evidence is far from convincing.

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