EXPRESS: Serial Dependence of Facial Identity for Own- and Other-Race Faces

2021 ◽  
pp. 174702182110594
Author(s):  
Kaitlyn Turbett ◽  
Linda Jeffery ◽  
Jason Bell ◽  
Andrew Digges ◽  
Yueyuan Zheng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Face Recognition ◽  
Individual Variation ◽  
Preliminary Evidence ◽  
Serial Dependence ◽  
Ongoing Debate ◽  
Facial Identity ◽  
Race Effect ◽  
Recognition Ability ◽  
High Level

It is well-established that individuals are better at recognising faces of their own-race compared to other-races, however there is ongoing debate regarding the perceptual mechanisms that may be involved and therefore sensitive to face-race. Here we ask whether serial dependence of facial identity, a bias where the perception of a face’s identity is biased towards a previously presented face, shows an other-race effect. Serial dependence is associated with face recognition ability and appears to operate on high-level, face-selective representations, like other candidate mechanisms (e.g., holistic coding). We therefore expected to find an other-race effect for serial dependence for our Caucasian and Asian participants. While participants showed robust effects of serial dependence for all faces, only Caucasian participants showed stronger serial dependence for own-race faces. Intriguingly, we found that individual variation in own-race, but not other-race, serial dependence was significantly associated with face recognition abilities. Preliminary evidence also suggested that other-race contact is associated with other-race serial dependence. In conclusion, though we did not find an overall difference in serial dependence for own versus other-race faces in both participant groups, our results highlight that this bias may be functionally different for own versus other-race faces and sensitive to racial experience.

scholarly journals Individual Differences in Serial Dependence of Facial Identity are Associated with Face Recognition Abilities

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kaitlyn Turbett ◽  
Romina Palermo ◽  
Jason Bell ◽  
Jessamy Burton ◽  
Linda Jeffery
Keyword(s):  
Face Recognition ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Functional Role ◽  
Perceptual Bias ◽  
Serial Dependence ◽  
Identity Recognition ◽  
Face Identity ◽  
Facial Identity ◽  
Visual Attributes ◽  
Recognition Ability

AbstractSerial dependence is a perceptual bias where current perception is biased towards prior visual input. This bias occurs when perceiving visual attributes, such as facial identity, and has been argued to play an important functional role in vision, stabilising the perception of objects through integration. In face identity recognition, this bias could assist in building stable representations of facial identity. If so, then individual variation in serial dependence could contribute to face recognition ability. To investigate this possibility, we measured both the strength of serial dependence and the range over which individuals showed this bias (the tuning) in 219 adults, using a new measure of serial dependence of facial identity. We found that better face recognition was associated with stronger serial dependence and narrower tuning, that is, showing serial dependence primarily when sequential faces were highly similar. Serial dependence tuning was further found to be a significant predictor of face recognition abilities independently of both object recognition and face identity aftereffects. These findings suggest that the extent to which serial dependence is used selectively for similar faces is important to face recognition. Our results are consistent with the view that serial dependence plays a functional role in face recognition.

scholarly journals Serial dependence of facial identity reflects high-level face coding

2021 ◽  
Vol 182 ◽  
pp. 9-19
Author(s):  
Kaitlyn Turbett ◽  
Romina Palermo ◽  
Jason Bell ◽  
Dewi Anna Hanran-Smith ◽  
Linda Jeffery
Keyword(s):  
Serial Dependence ◽  
Facial Identity ◽  
High Level

scholarly journals EXPRESS: When Two Fields Collide: Identifying “Super-Recognisers” for Neuropsychological and Forensic Face Recognition Research

2021 ◽  
pp. 174702182110276
Author(s):  
Sarah Bate ◽  
Emma Portch ◽  
Natalie Mestry
Keyword(s):  
Face Recognition ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Facial Identity ◽  
Common Definition ◽  
Face Matching ◽  
Recognition Ability ◽  
The Face ◽  
The One ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Matching Field

In the last decade, a novel individual differences approach has emerged across the face recognition literature. While the field has long been concerned with prosopagnosia (the inability to recognise facial identity), it has more recently become clear that there are vast differences in face recognition ability within the typical population. “Super-recognisers” are those individuals purported to reside at the very top of this spectrum. On the one hand, these people are of interest to cognitive neuropsychologists who are motivated to explore the commonality of the face recognition continuum, whereas researchers from the forensic face matching field evaluate the implementation of super-recognisers into real-world police and security settings. These two rather different approaches have led to discrepancies in the definition of super-recognisers, and perhaps more fundamentally, the approach to identifying them, resulting in a lack of consistency that prohibits theoretical progress. Here, we review the protocols used in published work to identify super-recognisers, and propose a common definition and screening recommendations that can be adhered to across fields.

scholarly journals Image or identity? Only Super-Recognizers’ 
(memor)ability is consistently viewpoint-invariant

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey D. Nador ◽  
Tamara A Alsheimer ◽  
Ayla Gay ◽  
Meike Ramon
Keyword(s):  
Face Recognition ◽  
Face Processing ◽  
Visual Features ◽  
Facial Identity ◽  
Face Images ◽  
Facial Information ◽  
Recognition Ability ◽  
Processing Ability ◽  
Identity Based ◽  
Do So

A face’s memorability refers to the unique combination of its intrinsic visual features facilitating its later recognition. Despite considerable variation in face recognition ability amongst the general population, individuals show substantial concordance regarding the memorability of various faces. And, when the viewpoints across which identities are seen at encoding and recognition differ, such agreement persists, though to a lesser extent. Consequently, face recognition cannot rely solely on image-dependent encoding; individuals must extract some invariant facial information, robust to changes in viewpoint, to do so consistently. However, whether such consistency covaries with overall face processing ability is unclear. Here, therefore, in two experiments we tested recognition of (i) implicitly encoded face images and (ii) explicitly encoded identities in a group of normal control observers against a group of “Super-Recognizers” (SRs) who possess exceptional face processing skills. When implicit encoding was surreptitiously solicited, recognition of studied images was comparable between groups. Yet, when encoding was explicitly solicited, SRs more accurately recognized studied identities across viewpoint changes than normal observers. Critically, image-dependent information could only inform recognition in the first experiment, whereas viewpoint-invariant information could inform recognition consistently in both. Individualized profiles of observers’ performance (as a function of stimulus memorability) reveal that only SRs performed consistently between experiments. We suggest that SRs’ unique capacity for utilizing viewpoint-invariant information for recognition, regardless of encoding conditions, is rooted in fundamentally more accurate and robust representations of identity-based memorability. These results invite a reinterpretation of face memorability that describes viewpoint-invariant information, diagnostic of facial identity representations in memory.

scholarly journals The other-race effect and holistic processing across racial groups

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hoo Keat Wong ◽  
Alejandro J. Estudillo ◽  
Ian D. Stephen ◽  
David R. T. Keeble
Keyword(s):  
Face Recognition ◽  
Recognition Task ◽  
Holistic Processing ◽  
The Other ◽  
Racial Groups ◽  
Race Effect ◽  
Recognition Ability ◽  
Cast Doubt ◽  
The Face ◽  
Malaysian Chinese

AbstractIt is widely accepted that holistic processing is important for face perception. However, it remains unclear whether the other-race effect (ORE) (i.e. superior recognition for own-race faces) arises from reduced holistic processing of other-race faces. To address this issue, we adopted a cross-cultural design where Malaysian Chinese, African, European Caucasian and Australian Caucasian participants performed four different tasks: (1) yes–no face recognition, (2) composite, (3) whole-part and (4) global–local tasks. Each face task was completed with unfamiliar own- and other-race faces. Results showed a pronounced ORE in the face recognition task. Both composite-face and whole-part effects were found; however, these holistic effects did not appear to be stronger for other-race faces than for own-race faces. In the global–local task, Malaysian Chinese and African participants demonstrated a stronger global processing bias compared to both European- and Australian-Caucasian participants. Importantly, we found little or no cross-task correlation between any of the holistic processing measures and face recognition ability. Overall, our findings cast doubt on the prevailing account that the ORE in face recognition is due to reduced holistic processing in other-race faces. Further studies should adopt an interactionist approach taking into account cultural, motivational, and socio-cognitive factors.

Face recognition across varying poses in 7- and 9-month-old infants: The role of facial expression

2010 ◽  
Vol 34 (5) ◽  
pp. 417-426 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cornelia Gross ◽  
Gudrun Schwarzer
Keyword(s):  
Face Recognition ◽  
Facial Expression ◽  
Preference Test ◽  
Fixation Time ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Novelty Preference ◽  
Facial Identity ◽  
Recognition Ability ◽  
Neutral Expression

Three studies were conducted to determine whether 7- and 9-month-old infants generalize face identity to a novel pose of the same face when only internal face sections with and without an emotional expression were presented. In Study 1, 7- and 9-month-old infants were habituated to a full frontal or three-quarter pose of a face with neutral facial expression. In Study 2, 7-month-olds were habituated to a face with a positive or negative expression. In the novelty preference test, immediately following habituation, infants were shown a pair of faces: the habituation face in a novel pose and a novel face in the same pose. Generalization of facial identity was inferred from longer fixation time to the novel face. Whereas 7-month-old infants did not dishabituate to the novel face with neutral expression, 9-month-olds fixated longer on the novel face with neutral expression (Study 1). However, when faces displayed a positive or negative expression 7-month-olds also looked longer at the novel face, indicating generalization of the habituation face to a novel pose (Study 2). Study 3 showed that 7-montholds’ generalization ability in Study 2 cannot be explained by an inability to discriminate between the two poses of the habituation face. Results showed 9- but not 7-month-olds recognized neutral looking faces in a novel pose, and 7-month-olds’ face recognition ability was enhanced by emotional facial expression.

scholarly journals Two Factors in Face Recognition: Whether You Know the Person’s Face and Whether You Share the Person’s Race

Perception ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 030100662110140
Author(s):  
Xingchen Zhou ◽  
A. M. Burton ◽  
Rob Jenkins
Keyword(s):  
Face Recognition ◽  
Factorial Design ◽  
Performance Measures ◽  
Recognition Accuracy ◽  
The Other ◽  
Familiarity Effect ◽  
Race Effect ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Unfamiliar Face

One of the best-known phenomena in face recognition is the other-race effect, the observation that own-race faces are better remembered than other-race faces. However, previous studies have not put the magnitude of other-race effect in the context of other influences on face recognition. Here, we compared the effects of (a) a race manipulation (own-race/other-race face) and (b) a familiarity manipulation (familiar/unfamiliar face) in a 2 × 2 factorial design. We found that the familiarity effect was several times larger than the race effect in all performance measures. However, participants expected race to have a larger effect on others than it actually did. Face recognition accuracy depends much more on whether you know the person’s face than whether you share the same race.

A study of the face recognition ability of orthodontists and lay persons of different age groups

2012 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-16
Author(s):  
Roz Walker ◽  
Mary Stokes ◽  
Michal Socker ◽  
Margaret Collins
Keyword(s):  
Face Recognition ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Lay Persons ◽  
Recognition Ability ◽  
The Face

scholarly journals Perceptual decisions are biased toward relevant prior choices

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Helen Feigin ◽  
Shira Baror ◽  
Moshe Bar ◽  
Adam Zaidel
Keyword(s):  
Sensory Information ◽  
Irrelevant Stimulus ◽  
Stimulus Feature ◽  
Serial Dependence ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Subsequent Test ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
High Level ◽  
Motor Actions ◽  
The Brain

AbstractPerceptual decisions are biased by recent perceptual history—a phenomenon termed 'serial dependence.' Here, we investigated what aspects of perceptual decisions lead to serial dependence, and disambiguated the influences of low-level sensory information, prior choices and motor actions. Participants discriminated whether a brief visual stimulus lay to left/right of the screen center. Following a series of biased ‘prior’ location discriminations, subsequent ‘test’ location discriminations were biased toward the prior choices, even when these were reported via different motor actions (using different keys), and when the prior and test stimuli differed in color. By contrast, prior discriminations about an irrelevant stimulus feature (color) did not substantially influence subsequent location discriminations, even though these were reported via the same motor actions. Additionally, when color (not location) was discriminated, a bias in prior stimulus locations no longer influenced subsequent location discriminations. Although low-level stimuli and motor actions did not trigger serial-dependence on their own, similarity of these features across discriminations boosted the effect. These findings suggest that relevance across perceptual decisions is a key factor for serial dependence. Accordingly, serial dependence likely reflects a high-level mechanism by which the brain predicts and interprets new incoming sensory information in accordance with relevant prior choices.

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