scholarly journals Memorials as discursive spheres: Holocaust and Second World War iconography in public commemoration of extremist-right violence

2020 ◽  
pp. 175069802095980
Author(s):  
Barak Ben-Aroia ◽  
Tobias Ebbrecht-Hartmann

In recent decades, the experience of non-governmental politically motivated violence became a central element of global memory culture. Motivated by several shocking attacks at the beginning of the new millennium, this commemorative culture evolved in a memory ecology, which was significantly shaped by the prosperity of global Holocaust memory. Therefore, public commemoration of politically motivated violence intersects different discursive elements, leading to multidirectional forms of memory. Based on interdisciplinary theoretical approaches, this article examines public memorials commemorating two notable cases of neo-Nazi xenophobic attacks in Germany as discursive spheres referring to the confrontation with the country’s unique past and its impact on Germany’s contemporary self-image challenged by right-wing extremism. We argue that various commemorative actors in the field adopted and appropriated Second World War and Holocaust-related iconography and terminology to shape these memory sites as instruments linking current Germany to the period of National Socialism.

2014 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
pp. 637-654 ◽  
Author(s):  
Uilleam Blacker

This article analyzes how the Poles and Jews who disappeared from the western Ukrainian city of L'viv as a result of the Second World War are remembered in the city today. It examines a range of commemorative practices, from monuments and museums to themed cafes and literature, and analyzes how these practices interact to produce competing mnemonic narratives. In this respect, the article argues for an understanding of the city as a complex text consisting of a diverse range of mutually interdependent mnemonic media produced by a range of actors. The article focuses in particular on the ways in which Ukrainian nationalist narratives interact with the memory of the city's “lost others.” The article also seeks to understand L'viv‘s memory culture through comparison with a range of Polish cities that have faced similar problems with commemorating vanished communities, but have witnessed a deeper recognition of these communities than has been the case in L'viv. The article proposes reasons for the divergences between the memory cultures of L'viv and that found in Polish cities, and attempts to outline the gradual processes by which L'viv‘s Polish and Jewish pasts might become more widely integrated into the city's memory culture.


Author(s):  
David Engels

This chapter discusses the life and work of Oswald Spengler, whose fame is based on his The Decline of the West, a monumental historical study that endeavored to show that all human civilizations live through similar phases of evolution. Spengler also dabbled with politics and attempted, in a series of essays, to promote the idea of a conservative renaissance in Germany. The rise of National Socialism put Spengler in a situation of ideological opposition and, after he criticized the regime because of its racial theory and its populism, made him a persona non grata until his death in 1937. After the Second World War, Spengler’s elitism and expectation of a German-dominated Europe dominated the reception of his work. This somewhat masked the complexity of his thought, which prefigures such modern debates as the criticism of technology, ecological issues, interreligious questions, the rise of Asia, and prehistoric human evolution.


2018 ◽  
Vol 54 (4) ◽  
pp. 858-879 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xosé M. Núñez Seixas

From the early 1930s, admiration for Hitler and Nazi Germany became characteristic of Spanish fascists. They were fascinated by the image of National Socialism and its example of ‘national resurgence’. During the war, the influence of Nazi Germany among Spanish fascists, traditionalists and supporters of the emerging Franco regime increased. On their return, Spanish travellers to Nazi Germany portrayed an enthusiastic image of a new society, marked by strong national pride, economic resurgence, social solidarity and material welfare. Until the end of the Second World War, several thousand Spanish Fascists and supporters of the Franco Regime visited Nazi Germany as soldiers on their way to and from the Eastern front, as civil workers or as students. A study of the experiences of such individuals may broaden our perspective on how Nazi Germany influenced foreign visitors. What image of Nazi Germany did those visitors paint in their letters, diaries and memoirs? What was left from this experience in post-1945 Spanish memories?


2010 ◽  
Vol 69 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-50
Author(s):  
Frank Seberechts

De graficus Frans Van Immerseel is reeds voor de Tweede Wereldoorlog actief in het Vlaams-nationalisme. Hij sluit zich in het begin van de bezetting aan bij de Algemeene SS-Vlaanderen. Wanneer in de zomer van 1941 de Duitse troepen aan de veldtocht in de Sovjetunie beginnen, meldt hij zich als vrijwilliger voor het Vlaamsch Legioen.Van Immerseel wordt aangesteld tot oorlogsverslaggever aan het oostfront. Hij levert illustraties bij de artikels die over de veldtocht verschijnen in de collaboratiepers, zoals Volk en Staat, De SS Man en De Arbeidskameraad. Zijn tekeningen betreffen verschillende onderwerpen: het leven van de Duitse en de Vlaamse soldaten achter het front, soldaten in actie tijdens de gevechten, portretten van Vlaamse oostfrontvrijwilligers, portretten van Sovjetrussische krijgsgevangenen en schetsen van al dan niet door de oorlog getroffen gebouwen en landschappen. Zijn werk sluit nauw aan bij de visie van het nationaal-socialisme op de kunst, terwijl het voorts een belangrijke propagandistische boodschap draagt. De soldaten stralen heldhaftigheid en kracht uit, terwijl de geportretteerde Sovjetburgers uitdrukking moeten geven aan hun veronderstelde culturele en raciale inferioriteit. Meestal ondersteunen de tekeningen de bijdragen waarbij ze verschijnen, maar vele worden verschillende malen gebruikt bij telkens andere artikels.Van Immerseels werk verschijnt tot begin 1943 in de pers. Daarna valt hij in ongenade door de problemen die hij in het Vlaamsch Legioen kent en worden zijn tekeningen niet meer gepubliceerd.________The East Front drawings by Frans Van ImmerseelThe graphic artist Frans Van Immerseel was already active in Flemish Nationalism before the Second World War. At the beginning of the occupation he joined the General SS-Flanders. When the German troops started the campaign in the Soviet Union in the summer of 1941 he signed up as a volunteer for the Flemish Legion.Van Immerseel was appointed war reporter at the East Front. He produced illustrations for articles appearing about the campaign in the collaboration press, such as Volk en Staat (‘People and State’), De SS Man (‘The SS Man’) and De Arbeidskameraad (‘The Labour Comrade’). His drawings concerned various subjects: the life of the German and Flemish soldiers behind the front line, soldiers in action during battles, portraits of Flemish East Front volunteers, portraits of Soviet Russian prisoners of war and drawings of buildings and landscapes both unscathed and damaged by the war. His work followed the vision of National Socialism on art very closely and it also carried an important message of propaganda. The soldiers portrayed heroism and strength, whilst the depicted Soviet citizens were to express their supposed cultural and racial inferiority. Usually his drawings illustrated the contributions along side which they were published, but many of them were used a number of times for several different articles.The work of Van Immerseel was published until the beginning of 1943. Afterwards he fell into disfavour because of the problems he encountered in the Flemish Legion and his drawings were no longer published.


2019 ◽  
Vol 77 (4) ◽  
pp. 309-328
Author(s):  
Aragorn Fuhrmann

Deze paper beoogt een nieuw licht te werpen op het vroege literaire werk van Hugo Claus, meer bepaald op De Oostakkerse gedichten (1955). Claus’ canonieke dichtbundel werd tot dusver hoofdzakelijk gelezen vanuit een klassiek structuralistisch paradigma. Dat betekent dat Claus’ gedichten steevast werden losgekoppeld van hun biografische en historische context. In dat verband opteert deze paper voor een alternatieve lezing. Uitgangspunt vormt het oorlogsverleden van de auteur: Claus was tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog lid van een nationaalsocialistische jeugdbeweging en groeide op in een milieu van collaborateurs en geradicaliseerde Vlaams-nationalisten. Nadat de schrijver dit verleden eerst probeerde te ontvluchten door naar Parijs te reizen en zich daar expliciet te profileren als een autonome en kosmopolitische kunstenaar, ging hij er vanaf 1952 toch steeds weer de confrontatie mee aan. In de zomer van dat jaar ging Claus gedurende enkele maanden op bezoek bij zijn familie in Lourdes-Oostakker. Tijdens zijn verblijf in het Oost-Vlaamse dorp en bedevaartsoord kwam hij niet alleen opnieuw in aanraking met de financiële en relationele problemen van zijn door de repressie getekende bloedverwanten, hij werd er ook geconfronteerd met een Vlaanderen dat zijn oorlogsverleden nog steeds niet kritisch had verwerkt. Lourdes-Oostakker bleek het decor te vormen van een van de vele ideologisch verre van onschuldige oostfrontherdenkingen die op dat moment op verschillende plekken in Vlaanderen werden georganiseerd. Tegen die achtergrond schreef Claus een eerste versie van zijn Oostakkerse gedichten: een scherpzinnig onderzoek naar de unheimliche parallellen tussen het nationaalsocialisme en het christelijke denken én zijn eerste, poëtische aanklacht tegen het naoorlogse, in rites en mythes verstrikte Vlaanderen.___________ The rapid-fire writer, war and collaboration. Trauma processing in Hugo Claus’s ‘Nota’s voor een Oostakkerse Cantate’ This paper aims to shed new light on Hugo Claus’s early work, in particular his De Oostakkerse gedichten (1955). Notwithstanding a few exceptions, this work has generally been analysed from a classic structuralist paradigm. Consequently, Claus’s poems have continuously been detached from their biographical and historical contexts. To address this issue, this paper will propose an alternative approach. It will stress the prevalence of Claus’s wartime experiences, when, in a context of collaborating and radicalized Flemish nationalists, he became a member of a National-Socialist youth organisation. After first discarding his wartime upbringing by travelling to Paris and proclaiming to be an autonomous and cosmopolitan artist, Claus would start to confront his past during the summer of 1952, when he visited his family in Lourdes-Oostakker for a couple of months. During this time, Claus would not only encounter destitute family members who were affected by the post-war repression, but also be struck by the fact that Flanders had still not critically addressed its role and involvement in the Second World War. Moreover, Lourdes-Oostakker was one of many sites in Flanders that commemorated those that had fought at the eastern front during the war in a highly partisan manner. It is in these circumstances that Claus would write his initial version of the De Oostakkerse gedichten, constituting an astute examination of the disquieting parallels beween National Socialism and Christian rationale as well as his first, poetical charge against the rites and myths that marked post-war Flanders.


2014 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 209-216 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mats Andrén

The aim of this article is to describe the connection of the concepts of nihilism and responsibility in the writings of Karl Jaspers. The article starts with his early writings in the late 1910s and traces his use of nihilism until the late 1950s. Jaspers first defines nihilism in a general, anthropological sense. It is essential to the human condition, which involves questioning everything. However, as his critique of contemporary society evolves, nihilism is treated as the impetus behind concrete threats such as National Socialism and the Second World War, as well as the post-war nuclear arms race.


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