scholarly journals Comment: The Next Frontier: Prosody Research Gets Interpersonal

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-56
Author(s):  
Marc D. Pell ◽  
Sonja A. Kotz
Keyword(s):  
Mental Representation ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Spoken Language ◽  
Neural Mechanisms ◽  
Relative Time ◽  
Interpersonal Information ◽  
Vocal Expressions ◽  
Dynamic Interplay

Neurocognitive models (e.g., Schirmer & Kotz, 2006) have helped to characterize how listeners incrementally derive meaning from vocal expressions of emotion in spoken language, what neural mechanisms are involved at different processing stages, and their relative time course. But how can these insights be applied to communicative situations in which prosody serves a predominantly interpersonal function? This comment examines recent data highlighting the dynamic interplay of prosody and language, when vocal attributes serve the sociopragmatic goals of the speaker or reveal interpersonal information that listeners use to construct a mental representation of what is being communicated. Our comment serves as a beacon to researchers interested in how the neurocognitive system “makes sense” of socioemotive aspects of prosody.

PHOTOPERIODIC MODULATION OF GONADOTROPHIN SECRETION IN CASTRATED JAPANESE QUAIL

1982 ◽  
Vol 92 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-83 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. F. URBANSKI ◽  
B. K. FOLLETT
Keyword(s):  
Japanese Quail ◽  
Plasma Levels ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Neural Mechanisms ◽  
Gonadal Steroids ◽  
Photoperiodic Control ◽  
Gonadotrophin Secretion ◽  
Lh Secretion ◽  
Sexually Mature ◽  
Short Days

Male Japanese quail were castrated when sexually immature and immediately exposed to one of the following stimulatory lighting regimes for 52 days: 11 h light: 13 h darkness/day (11L : 13D), 12L : 12D, 13L : 11D, 14L : 10D, 15L : 9D, 16L : 8D, 20L : 4D or 23L : 1D. One group was retained on short days (8L : 16D). Clearcut differences in the plasma levels of LH and FSH emerged between the various groups. Levels remained very low in castrated quail on 8L : 16D but were much greater in those on 14L : 10D, 15L : 9D, 16L : 8D, 20L : 4D and 23L : 1D, eventually becoming 15 to 20 times higher. Less pronounced castration responses developed on 13L : 11D, 12L : 12D or 11L : 13D. Alterations in photoperiod after day 52 caused an appropriate rise or fall in LH secretion. Photoperiodically induced suppressions were rapid, being highly significant within 4 days, but increases usually had a slower time course. When sexually mature quail (on 16L : 8D) were castrated and transferred to 8L : 16D they also exhibited a rapid suppression in LH secretion. Thus in quail, unlike some mammals, the photoperiodic control over gonadotrophin secretion is independent of the reproductive status of the animal at the time of castration. The results confirm the view that changes in sensitivity of the hypothalamo-pituitary axis to gonadal steroids are not a primary factor in the neural mechanisms underlying photoperiodism in quail.

Time course of word identification and semantic integration in spoken language.

1999 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 394-417 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cyma Van Petten ◽  
Seana Coulson ◽  
Susan Rubin ◽  
Elena Plante ◽  
Marjorie Parks
Keyword(s):  
Time Course ◽  
Word Identification ◽  
Spoken Language ◽  
Semantic Integration

scholarly journals The Effect of Talker Familiarity on Sentence Recognition Accuracy in Complex Noise

2021 ◽  
Vol 68 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-55
Author(s):  
Madison S. Buntrock ◽  
Brittan A. Barker ◽  
Madison M. Gurries ◽  
Tyson S. Barrett
Keyword(s):  
Time Course ◽  
Recognition Accuracy ◽  
Spoken Language ◽  
Independent Variables ◽  
Sentence Recognition ◽  
Mixed Effects Modeling ◽  
Familial Relationship ◽  
University Professor ◽  
Talker Familiarity

Abstract. The familiar talker advantage is the finding that a listener’s ability to perceive and understand a talker is facilitated when the listener is familiar with the talker. However, it is unclear when the benefits of familiarity emerge and whether they strengthen over time. To better understand the time course of the familiar talker advantage, we assessed the effects of long-term, implicit voice learning on 89 young adults’ sentence recognition accuracy in the presence of four-talker babble. A university professor served as the target talker in the experiment. Half the participants were students of the professor and familiar with her voice. The professor was a stranger to the remaining participants. We manipulated the listeners’ degree of familiarity with the professor over the course of a semester. We used mixed effects modeling to test for the effects of the two independent variables: talker and hours of exposure. Analyses revealed a familiar talker advantage in the listeners after 16 weeks (∼32 h) of exposure to the target voice. These results imply that talker familiarity (outside of the confines of a long-term, familial relationship) seems to be a much quicker-to-emerge, reliable cue for bootstrapping spoken language perception than previous literature suggested.

scholarly journals Do Musicians and Non-musicians Differ in Speech-on-Speech Processing?

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elif Canseza Kaplan ◽  
Anita E. Wagner ◽  
Paolo Toffanin ◽  
Deniz Başkent
Keyword(s):  
Speech Perception ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Language Processing ◽  
Speech Processing ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Spoken Language ◽  
Recall Task ◽  
Spoken Language Processing ◽  
Sentence Recall ◽  
Gaze Fixations

Earlier studies have shown that musically trained individuals may have a benefit in adverse listening situations when compared to non-musicians, especially in speech-on-speech perception. However, the literature provides mostly conflicting results. In the current study, by employing different measures of spoken language processing, we aimed to test whether we could capture potential differences between musicians and non-musicians in speech-on-speech processing. We used an offline measure of speech perception (sentence recall task), which reveals a post-task response, and online measures of real time spoken language processing: gaze-tracking and pupillometry. We used stimuli of comparable complexity across both paradigms and tested the same groups of participants. In the sentence recall task, musicians recalled more words correctly than non-musicians. In the eye-tracking experiment, both groups showed reduced fixations to the target and competitor words’ images as the level of speech maskers increased. The time course of gaze fixations to the competitor did not differ between groups in the speech-in-quiet condition, while the time course dynamics did differ between groups as the two-talker masker was added to the target signal. As the level of two-talker masker increased, musicians showed reduced lexical competition as indicated by the gaze fixations to the competitor. The pupil dilation data showed differences mainly in one target-to-masker ratio. This does not allow to draw conclusions regarding potential differences in the use of cognitive resources between groups. Overall, the eye-tracking measure enabled us to observe that musicians may be using a different strategy than non-musicians to attain spoken word recognition as the noise level increased. However, further investigation with more fine-grained alignment between the processes captured by online and offline measures is necessary to establish whether musicians differ due to better cognitive control or sound processing.

Time course of word identification and semantic integration in spoken language

2000 ◽  
Vol 108 (5) ◽  
pp. 2643-2643
Author(s):  
Cyma Van Petten ◽  
Susan Rubin ◽  
Marjorie Parks ◽  
Elena Plante ◽  
Seana Coulson
Keyword(s):  
Time Course ◽  
Word Identification ◽  
Spoken Language ◽  
Semantic Integration

On-line Orthographic Influences on Spoken Language in a Semantic Task

2009 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 169-179 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chotiga Pattamadilok ◽  
Laetitia Perre ◽  
Stéphane Dufau ◽  
Johannes C. Ziegler
Keyword(s):  
Word Recognition ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Spoken Word Recognition ◽  
Spoken Language ◽  
Spoken Word ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Semantic Task ◽  
Consistency Effect ◽  
Orthographic Consistency

Literacy changes the way the brain processes spoken language. Most psycholinguists believe that orthographic effects on spoken language are either strategic or restricted to meta-phonological tasks. We used event-related brain potentials (ERPs) to investigate the locus and the time course of orthographic effects on spoken word recognition in a semantic task. Participants were asked to decide whether a given word belonged to a semantic category (body parts). On no-go trials, words were presented that were either orthographically consistent or inconsistent. Orthographic inconsistency (i.e., multiple spellings of the same phonology) could occur either in the first or the second syllable. The ERP data showed a clear orthographic consistency effect that preceded lexical access and semantic effects. Moreover, the onset of the orthographic consistency effect was time-locked to the arrival of the inconsistency in a spoken word, which suggests that orthography influences spoken language in a time-dependent manner. The present data join recent evidence from brain imaging showing orthographic activation in spoken language tasks. Our results extend those findings by showing that orthographic activation occurs early and affects spoken word recognition in a semantic task that does not require the explicit processing of orthographic or phonological structure.

ERP Characteristics of Inducing Rule Validity in Number Series Under Time Pressure

2021 ◽  
pp. 003151252110299
Author(s):  
Aiqing Nie ◽  
Xiuqin Jia ◽  
Yuli Wang ◽  
Shangqing Yuan ◽  
Minye Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Time Course ◽  
Time Pressure ◽  
Inductive Reasoning ◽  
Event Related Potentials ◽  
Task Type ◽  
Neural Mechanisms ◽  
Number Series ◽  
Dynamic Information ◽  
Related Potentials ◽  
Subject Experiment

A great deal of research has been devoted to examining the neural mechanisms of inductive reasoning. However, the influences of rule validity and time pressure on numerical inductive reasoning remain unclear. In the current study, we aimed to examine the effects of these variables on the time course of rule identification in numerical inductive reasoning. We designed a 3 (task type: valid, invalid, and anomalous) × 2 (time pressure: with time pressure and without time pressure) within-subject experiment based on electroencephalographic event-related potentials (ERP). Behaviorally, we found significant effects of rule validity and time pressure on rule identification. Neurologically, we considered the elicited N200 ERP to reflect conflict detection and found it to be modulated by rule validity but not time pressure. We considered the induced P300 ERP to be primarily related to updating working memory, affected by both rule validity and time pressure. These findings have new implications for better understanding dynamic information processing within numerical inductive reasoning.

scholarly journals Parallel Processing of Semantics and Phonology in Spoken Production: Evidence from Blocked Cyclic Picture Naming and EEG

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chen Feng ◽  
Markus F. Damian ◽  
Qingqing Qu
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Language Production ◽  
Semantic Processing ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Time Window ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Phonological Information ◽  
Relative Time ◽  
Similar Time ◽  
Semantic Access

Spoken language production involves lexical-semantic access and phonological encoding. A theoretically important question concerns the relative time course of these two cognitive processes. The predominant view has been that semantic and phonological codes are accessed in successive stages. However, recent evidence seems difficult to reconcile with a sequential view but rather suggests that both types of codes are accessed in parallel. Here, we used ERPs combined with the “blocked cyclic naming paradigm” in which items overlapped either semantically or phonologically. Behaviorally, both semantic and phonological overlap caused interference relative to unrelated baseline conditions. Crucially, ERP data demonstrated that the semantic and phonological effects emerged at a similar latency (∼180 msec after picture onset) and within a similar time window (180–380 msec). These findings suggest that access to phonological information takes place at a relatively early stage during spoken planning, largely in parallel with semantic processing.

scholarly journals In exogenous attention, time is the clue: brain and heart interactions to survive threatening stimuli

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elisabeth Ruiz-Padial ◽  
Francisco Mercado
Keyword(s):  
Emotional Regulation ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Event Related Potentials ◽  
Neural Mechanisms ◽  
Exogenous Attention ◽  
Neural Responses ◽  
Related Potentials ◽  
Negative Stimuli

AbstractThe capture of exogenous attention by negative stimuli has been interpreted as adaptive for survival in a diverse and changing environment. In the present paper, we investigate the neural responses towards two discrete negative emotions with different biological meanings, disgust and fear, and its potential relationships with heart rate variability (HRV) as an index of emotional regulation. With that aim, 30 participants performed a digit categorization task while fear, disgust and neutral distractor pictures were presented. Resting HRV at baseline, behavioral responses, and event-related potentials were recorded. Whereas P1 amplitudes were highest to fear distractors, the disgust stimulation led to augmented P2 amplitudes compared to the rest of distractors. Interestingly, increased N2 amplitudes were also found to disgust distractors, but only in high HRV participants. Neural source estimation data point to the involvement of the insula in this exogenous attentional response to disgust. Additionally, disgust distractors provoked longer reaction times than fear and neutral distractors in the high HRV group. Present findings are interpreted in evolutionary terms suggesting that exogenous attention is captured by negative stimuli following a different time course for fear and disgust. Possible HRV influences on neural mechanisms underlying exogenous attention are discussed considering the potential important role of this variable in emotional regulation processes.

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