scholarly journals The Effect of Talker Familiarity on Sentence Recognition Accuracy in Complex Noise

2021 ◽  
Vol 68 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-55
Author(s):  
Madison S. Buntrock ◽  
Brittan A. Barker ◽  
Madison M. Gurries ◽  
Tyson S. Barrett
Keyword(s):  
Time Course ◽  
Recognition Accuracy ◽  
Spoken Language ◽  
Independent Variables ◽  
Sentence Recognition ◽  
Mixed Effects Modeling ◽  
Familial Relationship ◽  
University Professor ◽  
Talker Familiarity

Abstract. The familiar talker advantage is the finding that a listener’s ability to perceive and understand a talker is facilitated when the listener is familiar with the talker. However, it is unclear when the benefits of familiarity emerge and whether they strengthen over time. To better understand the time course of the familiar talker advantage, we assessed the effects of long-term, implicit voice learning on 89 young adults’ sentence recognition accuracy in the presence of four-talker babble. A university professor served as the target talker in the experiment. Half the participants were students of the professor and familiar with her voice. The professor was a stranger to the remaining participants. We manipulated the listeners’ degree of familiarity with the professor over the course of a semester. We used mixed effects modeling to test for the effects of the two independent variables: talker and hours of exposure. Analyses revealed a familiar talker advantage in the listeners after 16 weeks (∼32 h) of exposure to the target voice. These results imply that talker familiarity (outside of the confines of a long-term, familial relationship) seems to be a much quicker-to-emerge, reliable cue for bootstrapping spoken language perception than previous literature suggested.

scholarly journals The effect of talker familiarity on sentence recognition accuracy over time

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Madison Buntrock ◽  
Brittan Ann Barker ◽  
Madison M. Guires ◽  
Tyson S. Barrett
Keyword(s):  
Time Course ◽  
Recognition Accuracy ◽  
Early Time ◽  
Late Time ◽  
Sentence Recognition ◽  
Mixed Effects Modeling ◽  
University Professor ◽  
Talker Familiarity ◽  
Over Time

The familiar talker advantage (FTA) reflects the robust research finding that a listener’s ability to perceive and understand a talker in noise is facilitated when the listener is familiar with the talker. However, it is unclear when the benefits of said familiarity first emerge and whether or not they strengthen over time. To better understand the time course of the FTA, we assessed the effects of long-term, implicit voice learning on 89 young adults’ sentence recognition accuracy in the presence of 4-talker babble. A university professor served as the target talker in the experiment. Half the participants were students of the professor and familiar with her voice. The professor was a stranger to the remaining participants. We manipulated the listeners’ degree of familiarity with the professor over the course of a semester. To test for the effects of the two independent variables: talker (familiar, novel) and time of testing (early: Time 1, late: Time 2), we used mixed effects modeling. Analyses revealed that an FTA emerged in the listeners after only 16 weeks (~32 hours) of exposure to the target voice in a college classroom setting. The FTA also strengthened over time. Implicit exposure to the target talker’s voice for ~12 hours over approximately 4 weeks was not enough time to yield an FTA. The present results imply that talker familiarity (outside of the confines of a long-term, familial relationship) seems to be a much quicker-to-emerge and reliable cue for bootstrapping spoken language perception than previous literature suggested.

Ion-gating synaptic transistors with long-term synaptic weight modulation

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (16) ◽  
pp. 5396-5402
Author(s):  
Youngjun Park ◽  
Min-Kyu Kim ◽  
Jang-Sik Lee
Keyword(s):  
Neural Networks ◽  
Artificial Neural Networks ◽  
Synaptic Weight ◽  
Recognition Accuracy ◽  
Artificial Neural ◽  
High Recognition Accuracy

This paper presents synaptic transistors that show long-term synaptic weight modulation via injection of ions. Linear and symmetric weight update is achieved, which enables high recognition accuracy in artificial neural networks.

Determinants of Anthropometric Failure Among Tribal Children Younger than 5 Years of Age in Palghar, Maharashtra, India

2021 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-64
Author(s):  
Angeline Jeyakumar ◽  
Swapnil Godbharle ◽  
Bibek Raj Giri
Keyword(s):  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Composite Index ◽  
Z Score ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Crude Odds Ratio ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Independent Variables ◽  
Child Undernutrition

Background: Measuring undernutrition using composite index of anthropometric failure (CIAF) and identifying its determinants in tribal regions is essential to recognize the true burden of undernutrition in these settings. Objective: To determine anthropometric failure and its determinants among tribal children younger than 5 years in Palghar, Maharashtra, India. Methods: A cross-sectional survey employing CIAF was performed in children <5 years to estimate undernutrition in the tribal district of Palghar in Maharashtra, India. Anthropometric measurements, maternal and child characteristics were recorded from 577 mother–child pairs in 9 villages. Results: As per Z score, prevalence of stunting, wasting, and underweight were 48%, 13%, and 43%, respectively. According to CIAF, 66% of children had at least one manifestation of undernutrition and 40% had more than one manifestation of undernutrition. Odds of anthropometric failure were 1.5 times higher among children of mothers who were illiterate (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] =1.57, 95% CI: 1.0-2.3), children who had birth weight >2.5 kg had lesser odds (AOR: 0.63, 95% CI: 0.4-0.9) of anthropometric failure, and children who had initiated early breastfeeding had 1.5 times higher odds of anthropometric failure (crude odds ratio: 1.5, 95% CI: 1.0-2.1). However, when adjusted for other independent variables, the results were not significant. Conclusion: The alarming proportion of anthropometric failure among tribal children calls for urgent short-term interventions to correct undernutrition and long-term interventions to improve maternal literacy and awareness to prevent and manage child undernutrition.

Time-course of treatment-emergent adverse events in a long-term safety study of lisdexamfetamine dimesylate in children and adolescents with ADHD

2016 ◽  
Vol 33 (S1) ◽  
pp. S132-S132
Author(s):  
I. Hernández Otero ◽  
T. Banaschewski ◽  
P. Nagy ◽  
C.A. Soutullo ◽  
A. Zuddas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Events ◽  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Open Label ◽  
Lisdexamfetamine Dimesylate ◽  
Safety Population ◽  
First Onset ◽  
Stimulant Medications ◽  
Competing Interest

IntroductionThe long-term safety and efficacy of lisdexamfetamine dimesylate (LDX) in children and adolescents with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) was evaluated in a European 2-year, open-label study (SPD489-404).ObjectiveTo evaluate the time-course of treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) in SPD489-404.MethodsParticipants aged 6–17 years received open-label LDX (30, 50 or 70 mg/day) for 104 weeks (4 weeks dose-optimization; 100 weeks dose-maintenance).ResultsAll enrolled participants (n = 314) were included in the safety population and 191 (60.8%) completed the study. TEAEs occurred in 282 (89.8%) participants; most were mild or moderate. TEAEs considered by the investigators as related to LDX were reported by 232 (73.9%) participants with the following reported for ≥ 10% of participants: decreased appetite (49.4%), weight decreased (18.2%), insomnia (13.1%). TEAEs leading to discontinuation and serious TEAEs occurred in 39 (12.4%) and 28 (8.9%) participants, respectively. The median (range) time to first onset and duration, respectively, of TEAEs identified by the sponsor as being of special interest were: insomnia (insomnia, initial insomnia, middle insomnia, terminal insomnia), 17.0 (1–729) and 42.8 (1–739) days; weight decreased, 29.0 (1–677) and 225.0 (26–724) days; decreased appetite, 13.5 (1–653) and 169.0 (1–749) days; headache, 22.0 (1–718) and 2.0 (1–729) days. Reports of insomnia, weight decreased, decreased appetite and headache were highest in the first 4–12 weeks.ConclusionsTEAEs associated with long-term LDX treatment were characteristic of stimulant medications, with the greatest incidence observed during the first 4–12 weeks.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

Time Course of Expression of “Early” Genes during Long-Term Posttetanic Potentiation in Rat Hippocampal CA1 Field

2009 ◽  
Vol 148 (3) ◽  
pp. 416-418 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. O. Sokolova ◽  
M. B. Shtark ◽  
P. D. Lisachev ◽  
V. O. Pustyl’nyak ◽  
I. V. Pan
Keyword(s):  
Time Course ◽  
Posttetanic Potentiation ◽  
Early Genes ◽  
Hippocampal Ca1 ◽  
Hippocampal Ca1 Field

scholarly journals Central Insulin Signaling Is Attenuated by Long-Term Insulin Exposure via Insulin Receptor Substrate-1 Serine Phosphorylation, Proteasomal Degradation, and Lysosomal Insulin Receptor Degradation

Endocrinology ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 151 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher M. Mayer ◽  
Denise D. Belsham
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Insulin Receptor ◽  
Insulin Signaling ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Proteasomal Degradation ◽  
Serine Phosphorylation ◽  
Neuronal Function ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Phosphorylated Akt

Abstract Central insulin signaling is critical for the prevention of insulin resistance. Hyperinsulinemia contributes to insulin resistance, but it is not yet clear whether neurons are subject to cellular insulin resistance. We used an immortalized, hypothalamic, clonal cell line, mHypoE-46, which exemplifies neuronal function and expresses the components of the insulin signaling pathway, to determine how hyperinsulinemia modifies neuronal function. Western blot analysis indicated that prolonged insulin treatment of mHypoE-46 cells attenuated insulin signaling through phospho-Akt. To understand the mechanisms involved, time-course analysis was performed. Insulin exposure for 4 and 8 h phosphorylated Akt and p70-S6 kinase (S6K1), whereas 8 and 24 h treatment decreased insulin receptor (IR) and IR substrate 1 (IRS-1) protein levels. Insulin phosphorylation of S6K1 correlated with IRS-1 ser1101 phosphorylation and the mTOR-S6K1 pathway inhibitor rapamycin prevented IRS-1 serine phosphorylation. The proteasomal inhibitor epoxomicin and the lysosomal pathway inhibitor 3-methyladenine prevented the degradation of IRS-1 and IR by insulin, respectively, and pretreatment with rapamycin, epoxomicin, or 3-methyladenine prevented attenuation of insulin signaling by long-term insulin exposure. Thus, a sustained elevation of insulin levels diminishes neuronal insulin signaling through mTOR-S6K1-mediated IRS-1 serine phosphorylation, proteasomal degradation of IRS-1 and lysosomal degradation of the IR.

A Proposed Speaker Recognition Method B Based on Long-Term Voice Features and Fuzzy Logic

2021 ◽  
Vol 39 (1B) ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Iman H. Hadi ◽  
Alia K. Abdul-Hassan
Keyword(s):  
Fuzzy Logic ◽  
Speaker Recognition ◽  
Recognition Accuracy ◽  
Inner Product ◽  
Maximum Frequency ◽  
Recognition Method ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Zero Crossing ◽  
Zero Crossing Rate

Speaker recognition depends on specific predefined steps. The most important steps are feature extraction and features matching. In addition, the category of the speaker voice features has an impact on the recognition process. The proposed speaker recognition makes use of biometric (voice) attributes to recognize the identity of the speaker. The long-term features were used such that maximum frequency, pitch and zero crossing rate (ZCR).  In features matching step, the fuzzy inner product was used between feature vectors to compute the matching value between a claimed speaker voice utterance and test voice utterances. The experiments implemented using (ELSDSR) data set. These experiments showed that the recognition accuracy is 100% when using text dependent speaker recognition.

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