Varicoceles

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 464-468
Author(s):  
Adam Albert

A varicocele is an abnormal venous dilatation and/or tortuosity of the pampiniform plexus in the scrotum. The exact pathophysiology of varicoceles is not very well understood, including whether there is any effect on male infertility. They can, however, be uncomfortable or painful and may result in testicular growth arrest during and prior to puberty. Varicocoeles can cause significant anxiety in patients about infertility, testicular cancer, or appearance. This article will not only discuss how to diagnose, when to investigate, and how to treat varicoceles, but also when to leave them alone.

Biomedicine ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ramachandran Kalpana ◽  
Sriram Krishnamoorthy

Varicocele is defined as an abnormal dilatation of the pampiniform plexus of the spermatic cord. This is seen in 10 to 20% of general population and is one of the most common correctable causes of male infertility. The history of varicocele dates back to the era of Ancient Greeks to about 600 BC, who had sculptured varicocele in their statues as a tortuous bag of wormsin the scrotum. It was Ambrose Pare who gave a poetic description to the pooling of blood in the spermatic cords and subsequently Curling coined the term Varicocele The intricacy of the venous drainage of the scrotum and its contents and the criss crossing of the veins makes the thermo-regulatory mechanism regulating spermatogenesis, even more complex. The Cremaster and Dartos greatly aid in facilitating the thermo-regulatory mechanism of scrotal wall, which forms the anatomical basis of oligospermia in patients with varicocele. Apart from a visible change in seminal parameters, the benefits of varicocelectomy have extended on to an improvement in serum testosterone and enhancement of erectile and ejaculatory functions. With a greater knowledge of the pathophysiology of varicocele and with better understanding of the roles of gene polymorphisms and reactive oxygen species, the indications for varicocelectomy gain more support and evidence. A sound anatomical knowledge and an in-depth understanding of the events that take place at molecular level might shift the treatment focus in future from varicocelectomy to molecular targeted therapies.


PPAR Research ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 2008 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masahide Matsuyama ◽  
Rikio Yoshimura

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor- (PPAR)- is a ligand-activated transcriptional factor belonging to steroid receptor superfamily. PPAR- plays a role in both adipocyte differentiation and tumorigenesis. Up to date, PPAR- is expressed in various cancer tissues, and PPAR- ligand induces growth arrest of these cancer cells. In this study, we examined the expression of PPAR- in prostate cancer (PC) and testicular cancer (TC) by RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry, and we also examined the effect of PPAR- ligand in these cells by MTT assay, hoechest staining, and flow cytometry. PPAR- expression was significantly more extensive and intense in malignant tissues than in normal tissues. PPAR- ligand induced the reduction of malignant cell viability through apoptosis. These results demonstrated that the generated PPAR- in PC and TC cells might play an important role in the tumorigenesis. PPAR- may become a new target in the treatment of PC and TC.


2009 ◽  
Vol 6 (10) ◽  
pp. 550-556 ◽  
Author(s):  
James M. Hotaling ◽  
Thomas J. Walsh

2008 ◽  
Vol 24 (6) ◽  
pp. 727-730 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicola Zampieri ◽  
Veronica Zuin ◽  
Michele Corroppolo ◽  
Alberto Ottolenghi ◽  
Francesco Saverio Camoglio

2002 ◽  
Vol 168 (4 Part 2) ◽  
pp. 1689-1691 ◽  
Author(s):  
John C. Thomas ◽  
Jack S. Elder

2015 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 167
Author(s):  
Luciana Conci Macedo ◽  
Renata Pâmella Fonseca

Na população de homens saudáveis, a incidência geral de varicocele é de 10% a 15%. Entre homens que procuram um serviço de reprodução assistida essa taxa sobe para 38%. A varicocele é uma condição que envolve a dilatação do plexo pampiniforme, que drena o sangue dos testículos. O fluxo sanguíneo reverso é impedido por pequenas válvulas de sentido único. Defeitos nestas válvulas ou de compressão podem provocar dilatação do vaso e diminuição do volume testicular. O exame físico é fundamental para o seu diagnóstico e deve ser realizado em ambiente de temperatura não refrigerada, o que favorece o relaxamento da musculatura escrotal. A varicocele pode ser corrigida através do tratamento cirúrgico ou por embolização percutânea. A reprodução assistida demonstrou taxas de sucesso em relação à concepção, com o emprego de gametas obtidos diretamente dos testículos. A detecção precoce dessa alteração e seu tratamento cirúrgico eliminam com sucesso mais de 90% das varicoceles. Desta forma a correção cirúrgica permanece uma ótima opção para devolver a fertilidade ao casal com uma relação custo-benefício muito superior a qualquer procedimento de reprodução assistida. Assim, o objetivo desse trabalho é verificar, através de uma revisão bibliográfica, a prevalência de homens com infertilidade causada pela varicocele, processos fisiopatológicos, diagnóstico, suas formas de tratamento e a importância do auxílio das técnicas de reprodução assistida nos pacientes afetados. Varicocele: The Main Cause for Male Infertility ABSTRACT: General occurrence of varicocele in healthy male population lies between 10 and 15% and percentage rises to 38% among males who seek assisted reproduction service. Varicocele is a condition that involves the swelling of the pampiniform plexus that drains blood from the testicles. Reverse blood flow is impaired by small contrary valves, while defects in the valves or compression may cause the swelling of the vessel and a decrease of the testicle volume. A physical examination is basic for diagnosis and should be undertaken in a non-refrigerated environment which favors relax of the scrotal muscle. Varicocele may be corrected by surgery or by percutaneous embolization. Assisted reproduction has produced success rates with regard to conception through the use of gametes obtained directly from the testicles. Early detection of alterations and surgery eliminate successfully more than 90% of varicocele. Surgery is still the best option for fertility with higher cost-benefit than any other assisted reproduction. Current paper is a bibliographical review to verify the prevalence of males suffering from infertility caused by varicocele, physiopathological processes, diagnostic treatments and importance of reproduction techniques in patients.


1997 ◽  
pp. 1456-1457 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joel Sayfan ◽  
Leonardo Siplovich ◽  
Lev Koltun ◽  
Noam Benyamin

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