scholarly journals Varicocele: A Principal Causa da Infertilidade Masculina

2015 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 167
Author(s):  
Luciana Conci Macedo ◽  
Renata Pâmella Fonseca

Na população de homens saudáveis, a incidência geral de varicocele é de 10% a 15%. Entre homens que procuram um serviço de reprodução assistida essa taxa sobe para 38%. A varicocele é uma condição que envolve a dilatação do plexo pampiniforme, que drena o sangue dos testículos. O fluxo sanguíneo reverso é impedido por pequenas válvulas de sentido único. Defeitos nestas válvulas ou de compressão podem provocar dilatação do vaso e diminuição do volume testicular. O exame físico é fundamental para o seu diagnóstico e deve ser realizado em ambiente de temperatura não refrigerada, o que favorece o relaxamento da musculatura escrotal. A varicocele pode ser corrigida através do tratamento cirúrgico ou por embolização percutânea. A reprodução assistida demonstrou taxas de sucesso em relação à concepção, com o emprego de gametas obtidos diretamente dos testículos. A detecção precoce dessa alteração e seu tratamento cirúrgico eliminam com sucesso mais de 90% das varicoceles. Desta forma a correção cirúrgica permanece uma ótima opção para devolver a fertilidade ao casal com uma relação custo-benefício muito superior a qualquer procedimento de reprodução assistida. Assim, o objetivo desse trabalho é verificar, através de uma revisão bibliográfica, a prevalência de homens com infertilidade causada pela varicocele, processos fisiopatológicos, diagnóstico, suas formas de tratamento e a importância do auxílio das técnicas de reprodução assistida nos pacientes afetados. Varicocele: The Main Cause for Male Infertility ABSTRACT: General occurrence of varicocele in healthy male population lies between 10 and 15% and percentage rises to 38% among males who seek assisted reproduction service. Varicocele is a condition that involves the swelling of the pampiniform plexus that drains blood from the testicles. Reverse blood flow is impaired by small contrary valves, while defects in the valves or compression may cause the swelling of the vessel and a decrease of the testicle volume. A physical examination is basic for diagnosis and should be undertaken in a non-refrigerated environment which favors relax of the scrotal muscle. Varicocele may be corrected by surgery or by percutaneous embolization. Assisted reproduction has produced success rates with regard to conception through the use of gametes obtained directly from the testicles. Early detection of alterations and surgery eliminate successfully more than 90% of varicocele. Surgery is still the best option for fertility with higher cost-benefit than any other assisted reproduction. Current paper is a bibliographical review to verify the prevalence of males suffering from infertility caused by varicocele, physiopathological processes, diagnostic treatments and importance of reproduction techniques in patients.

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 448-455
Author(s):  
Tiffany Wai Shan Lau ◽  
Anthony Robert Lim ◽  
Kyra Anne Len ◽  
Loren Gene Yamamoto

Background: Chest compression efficacy determines blood flow in cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and relies on body mechanics, so resuscitator weight matters. Individuals of insufficient weight are incapable of generating a sufficient downward chest compression force using traditional methods. Aims: This study investigated how a resuscitator's weight affects chest compression efficacy, determined the minimum weight required to perform chest compressions and, for children and adults below this minimum weight, examine alternate means to perform chest compressions. Methods: Volunteers aged 8 years and above were enrolled to perform video-recorded, music-facilitated, compression-only CPR on an audible click-confirming manikin for 2 minutes, following brief training. Subjects who failed this proceeded to alternate modalities: chest compressions by jumping on the lower sternum; and squat-bouncing (bouncing the buttocks on the chest). These methods were assessed via video review. Findings: There were 57 subjects. The 30 subjects above 40kg were all able to complete nearly 200 compressions in 2 minutes. Success rates declined in those who weighed less than 40kg. Below 30 kg, only one subject (29.9 kg weight) out of 14 could achieve 200 effective compressions. Nearly all of the 23 subjects who could not perform conventional chest compressions were able to achieve effective chest compressions using alternate methods. Conclusion: A weight below 40kg resulted in a declining ability to perform standard chest compressions effectively. For small resuscitators, the jumping and squat-bouncing methods resulted in sufficient compressions most of the time; however, chest recoil and injuries are concerns.


2005 ◽  
Vol 115 (5) ◽  
pp. 375-379 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sabrina Nagassaki ◽  
Ingrid F. Metzger ◽  
Debora C. Souza-Costa ◽  
Aline S. Marroni ◽  
Juliana A. Uzuelli ◽  
...  

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vincenza Precone ◽  
Rossella Cannarella ◽  
Stefano Paolacci ◽  
Gian Maria Busetto ◽  
Tommaso Beccari ◽  
...  

BackgroundInfertility affects about 7% of the general male population. The underlying cause of male infertility is undefined in about 50% of cases (idiopathic infertility). The number of genes involved in human spermatogenesis is over two thousand. Therefore, it is essential to analyze a large number of genes that may be involved in male infertility. This study aimed to test idiopathic male infertile patients negative for a validated panel of “diagnostic” genes, for a wide panel of genes that we have defined as “pre-diagnostic.”MethodsWe developed a next-generation sequencing (NGS) gene panel including 65 pre-diagnostic genes that were used in 12 patients who were negative to a diagnostic genetic test for male infertility disorders, including primary spermatogenic failure and central hypogonadism, consisting of 110 genes.ResultsAfter NGS sequencing, variants in pre-diagnostic genes were identified in 10/12 patients who were negative to a diagnostic test for primary spermatogenic failure (n = 9) or central hypogonadism (n = 1) due to mutations of single genes. Two pathogenic variants of DNAH5 and CFTR genes and three uncertain significance variants of DNAI1, DNAH11, and CCDC40 genes were found. Moreover, three variants with high impact were found in AMELY, CATSPER 2, and ADCY10 genes.ConclusionThis study suggests that searching for pre-diagnostic genes may be of relevance to find the cause of infertility in patients with apparently idiopathic primary spermatogenic failure due to mutations of single genes and central hypogonadism.


Author(s):  
Zhibin Li ◽  
Sumin Wang ◽  
Chunli Gong ◽  
Yiyang Hu ◽  
Jiao Liu ◽  
...  

Male infertility is a widespread health problem affecting approximately 6%–8% of the male population, and hypoxia may be a causative factor. In mammals, two types of hypoxia are known, including environmental and pathological hypoxia. Studies looking at the effects of hypoxia on male infertility have linked both types of hypoxia to poor sperm quality and pregnancy outcomes. Hypoxia damages testicular seminiferous tubule directly, leading to the disorder of seminiferous epithelium and shedding of spermatogenic cells. Hypoxia can also disrupt the balance between oxidative phosphorylation and glycolysis of spermatogenic cells, resulting in impaired self-renewal and differentiation of spermatogonia, and failure of meiosis. In addition, hypoxia disrupts the secretion of reproductive hormones, causing spermatogenic arrest and erectile dysfunction. The possible mechanisms involved in hypoxia on male reproductive toxicity mainly include excessive ROS mediated oxidative stress, HIF-1α mediated germ cell apoptosis and proliferation inhibition, systematic inflammation and epigenetic changes. In this review, we discuss the correlations between hypoxia and male infertility based on epidemiological, clinical and animal studies and enumerate the hypoxic factors causing male infertility in detail. Demonstration of the causal association between hypoxia and male infertility will provide more options for the treatment of male infertility


2018 ◽  
Vol 46 (11) ◽  
pp. 2678-2686 ◽  
Author(s):  
Evi Wezenbeek ◽  
Dirk De Clercq ◽  
Nele Mahieu ◽  
Tine Willems ◽  
Erik Witvrouw

Background: Previous research of a young adult population identified a lower increase in Achilles tendon blood flow immediately after a running activity as a significant predictor for the development of Achilles tendinopathy (AT). Furthermore, advancing age is often mentioned as a risk factor for the development of AT, and the highest incidence for AT is reported to occur in middle-aged recreational male athletes. Purpose: To investigate the effect of age, sex, and type of physical activity on the increase in Achilles tendon blood flow. Study Design: Controlled laboratory study. Methods: Blood flow measurements of 33 subjects aged 18 to 25 years and 30 subjects aged 40 to 55 years were obtained before and after 4 physical activities performed in randomized order: running, cycling, dynamic stretching, and rope skipping. Blood flow measurements of the Achilles tendon were performed before, immediately after, 5 minutes after, and 10 minutes after the physical activities. The effect of age, sex, and physical activities on the increase in blood flow was investigated with linear mixed models. Results: The results of this study identified that running, rope skipping, and cycling resulted in a significant increase in tendon blood flow ( P ≤ .001), whereas stretching did not. Prominent was the finding that the increase in blood flow after activity was significantly lower in the older population as compared with the younger population ( P < .001). Furthermore, male participants in the older group showed a significantly lower increase in tendon blood flow than did their female counterparts ( P = .019). Conclusion: This study identified that sex and age significantly influence the increase in blood flow after activity, possibly explaining the increased risk for AT among middle-aged recreational athletes. Clinical Relevance: This study possibly identified one of the mechanisms explaining why an older male population is at increased risk for developing AT. Given that the lower increase in blood flow is an identified risk factor according to previous research, preventative measures should focus on improving this blood flow during physical activity in the physically active older male population. Registration: NCT03218605 ( ClinicalTrials.gov identifier).


2000 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 34-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuji Nishiwaki ◽  
Toru Takebayashi ◽  
Kazuyuki Omae ◽  
Chizuru Ishizuka ◽  
Tetsuo Nomiyama ◽  
...  

2017 ◽  
pp. 193-207
Author(s):  
Nigel Pereira ◽  
Queenie V. Neri ◽  
Tyler Cozzubbo ◽  
Stephanie Cheung ◽  
Zev Rosenwaks ◽  
...  

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