scholarly journals THE AWAKENING OF INVESTMENT CREATION: A CASE STUDY FROM SOUTH-EAST ASIA

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 177-194
Author(s):  
Indriana Oktavia ◽  
Kiki Verico
Keyword(s):  
Free Trade ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Free Trade Area ◽  
Least Square ◽  
Economic Community ◽  
Trade Area ◽  
Economic Partnership ◽  
Asean Countries ◽  
Asean Economic Community ◽  
Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership

Abstrak ASEAN membentuk integrasi ekonomi, seperti ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA), AFTA+1, dan ASEAN Economic Community (AEC), untuk meningkatkan perdagangan intra dan investasi antarnegara ASEAN. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk meneliti dampak integrasi ekonomi ASEAN terhadap ASEAN FDI (AFDI) dan perdagangan intra ASEAN (AIT). Penelitian ini menggunakan data sepuluh negara ASEAN dan enam negara mitra selama periode 2001-2017 dan di estimasi dengan menggunakan Generalized Least-Square (GLS). Hasil estimasi menunjukkan CEPT-AFTA ASEAN6 tidak dapat meningkatkan AIT dan AFDI. Dampak positif CEPT-AFTA pada AFDI dan AIT hanya terjadi pada tahun 2015, meskipun dampak pada AIT tidak signifikan. Penelitian ini mengindikasikan bahwa AFTA+ dapat meningkatkan AIT dan AFDI antara negara-negara ASEAN+6. AEC memiliki dampak positif pada AFDI dan dampak negatif pada AIT. Penelitian ini juga menyimpulkan bahwa jika dengan kerangka ASEAN+ menyebabkan investment creation di kawasan ASEAN+6. Untuk memperkuat perdagangan dan investasi, maka pemerintah perlu memperkuat kerja sama melalui Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP). Kata Kunci: ASEAN, FDI, AFTA, Perdagangan Intra, AEC   Abstract ASEAN created several economic integrations, such as the ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA), AFTA+1, and ASEAN Economic Community (AEC), to increase intra-trade and investment between ASEAN countries. This study aimed to examine the impact of ASEAN economic integration to ASEAN FDI (AFDI) and ASEAN Intra-Trade (AIT). The data consists of ten ASEAN countries and six partner countries from 2001 to 2017. It was estimated using the Generalized Least-Square (GLS). Estimation results showed that CEPT-AFTA ASEAN6 could not increase AIT and AFDI. The positive impact of CEPT-AFTA on AFDI and AIT occurred in 2015, with insignificance on AIT. The study also indicated that AFTA+ could increase AIT and AFDI between ASEAN+6 countries. Contrarily, AEC provided a positive impact on AFDI and an insignificant negative impact on AIT. The study concluded that the ASEAN+ framework causes investment creation in ASEAN and partner countries. The government needs to strengthen cooperation through Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) to escalate FDI and trade.   Keywords: ASEAN, FDI, AFTA, Intra-Trade, AEC JEL Classification: F13, F14, F15

scholarly journals Indonesia dan Persaingan di Era Asean Economic Community

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hendra Maujana Saragih
Keyword(s):  
Free Trade ◽  
Free Trade Area ◽  
Economic Opportunity ◽  
Economic Community ◽  
Trade Area ◽  
Asean Member ◽  
Systemic Impact ◽  
Strategic Position ◽  
Asean Countries ◽  
Asean Economic Community

Abstract This paper focusing on looking at Indonesia's readiness to deal with the Era of the Economic Community in ASEAN with the urgency that Indonesia's preparations should have a systemic impact on Indonesia's economic growth. The socialization that has been carried out continues and continues to be inflated by every child of the nation so as not to lose compete and be swallowed by the existence of regional countries that really use ASEAN Economic Community as a positive and constructive economic opportunity for each ASEAN member country officially. ASEAN Economic Community is one form of Free Trade Area (FTA) and located in Southeast Asia .ASEAN Economic Community which is formed with a mission to make the economy in ASEAN to be better and able to compete with countries whose economy is more advanced than the condition of ASEAN countries currently. The realization of ASEAN Economic Community, can make ASEAN a more strategic position in the international arena. Researchers expect that with the realization of the ASEAN economic community can open the eyes of all parties, resulting in an inter-sectoral dialogue that will also complement each other among the stakeholders of the economic sector in ASEAN countries and this is very inherent formally. Keywords: Competition, Free Trade Area, Opportunity, Challenge

scholarly journals Defending Foreign Policy at Home: Indonesia and the ASEAN-Based Free Trade Agreements

2020 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 405-427
Author(s):  
Rakhmat Syarip
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Free Trade ◽  
Free Trade Agreements ◽  
Free Trade Area ◽  
Trade Agreement ◽  
Trade Area ◽  
International Pressure ◽  
Economic Partnership ◽  
Asean Economic Community ◽  
Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership

Scholars have devoted little attention to foreign policy motive of Indonesia’s free trade agreement (FTA) policy. This article finds that, under competitive international pressure, Indonesia has instrumentalised some FTAs to serve its “Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)-first” foreign policy, specifically to ensure the geopolitical and geoeconomic relevance of ASEAN. Three FTAs display this motive: the ASEAN Free Trade Area, later extended to the ASEAN Economic Community, the ASEAN–China FTA, and the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership. Domestically, the pro-ASEAN group has supported this motive against other influential domestic actors, especially the nationalist and the pro-liberalisation groups. However, diffused political authority has led to an inconsistent FTA policy across various trade policymaking phases. The “pro-ASEAN” FTA policy has been relatively stronger in both the negotiation and ratification, but substantially weaker in the implementation phases.

scholarly journals The ASEAN WITHOUT A CUSTOMS UNION OR A SINGLE MARKET CONSEQUENCES OF THE ASEAN ECONOMIC COMMUNITY BLUEPRINT 2025

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 101-127
Author(s):  
Moh Firstananto Jerusalem
Keyword(s):  
Economic Integration ◽  
Free Trade Area ◽  
Single Market ◽  
Integration Theory ◽  
Customs Union ◽  
Economic Community ◽  
Trade Area ◽  
Market Economic ◽  
Asean Countries ◽  
Asean Economic Community

Abstract In the ASEAN Economic Community blueprint 2015 the term “single market” was used as a goal of economic community. Theoretically, single market is a level of economic integration after customs union. Under that blueprint, customs union could have a chance to be established as a necessary prerequisite for single market. However, the new blueprint 2025 does not adopt single market concept anymore. Different terms have been introduced namely “integrated and cohesive economy” and “unified market”. This article aims at assessing economic integration concept adopted in the ASEAN Economic Community blueprint by utilizing content analysis. It will review the change of concept by employing economic integration theory in order to indicate the direction of economic community goal. The finding is that the change of terms reflects the change of concept. As a result, ASEAN Economic Community will have a different direction in pursuing economic integration. Therefore, under the new blueprint ASEAN will not proceed to customs union and single market. However, it will remain at free trade area level of economic integration. In addition, ASEAN will not be a close trade block but tend to be an open regionalism in relation to non-ASEAN countries or regions. Keywords: ASEAN Economic Community, Customs Union, Single Market, Economic Integration, Open Regionalism.

scholarly journals KONSISTENSI HUKUM WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION (WTO) MENGENAI PRINSIP MOST FAVORED NATION (MFN) ATAS REGIONALISME DAN PANDANGANNYA TERHADAP ASEAN ECONOMIC COMMUNITY (AEC)

2015 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marko Cahya Sutanto
Keyword(s):  
Free Trade ◽  
Free Trade Area ◽  
Single Market ◽  
Economic Community ◽  
Most Favored Nation ◽  
Trade Area ◽  
General Obligation ◽  
Trading Partners ◽  
Asean Economic Community ◽  
The Moment

In 2015, Indonesia and other ASEAN members have a commitment to establish a single market region, i.e. free flow of goods and service, termed ASEAN Economic Community (hereinafter ‘AEC’). This arrangement is contrary to Most Favored Nation (MFN) principle under the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1994, (hereinafter ‘GATT’). This paper aims to address the said violation according to the WTO/GATT law by analyzing (1) the general obligations and exceptions under the WTO/GATT, (2) regionalism in general and its existence in Southeast Asia, and (3) the interpretation of WTO’s compromise to regionalism. Under the GATT, there is a general obligation for members to treat their trading partners equally and give the same benefits to other members. However, there is an exception to this principle under article XXIV of the GATT, which based on the notion that regional trade agreements are a building block for multilateral openness. Yet, before applying this exception to the case at hand, AEC’s form must be determined. AEC’ has a structure of Free-Trade Area (hereinafter ‘FTA’) with a single market adhere to it, which according to WTO’s database there is one in force at the moment, namely ASEAN Free Trade Area (hereinafter ‘AFTA’). AFTA is not the equivalent to AEC because it covers more than just goods. Thus, the answer to apply the exception to AEC is inconclusive because even though it fits normatively, it does not have the necessary legitimacy.

Amicus Curiae Intervention in China-ASEAN Investment Disputes: Rationale, Dilemmas and Reform Path

China Report ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 151-168
Author(s):  
Xinglong Yang
Keyword(s):  
Dispute Settlement ◽  
Free Trade Area ◽  
Amicus Curiae ◽  
Trade Area ◽  
Economic Partnership ◽  
Asean Countries ◽  
Dispute Settlement System ◽  
Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership ◽  
Main Criticism ◽  
Investment Agreements

One main criticism levelled against the investor-state dispute settlement system (ISDS) is the existence of limited opportunities for amicus intervention. Against this backdrop, this article firstly studies what reforms regarding amicus intervention in ISDS proceedings have been put forward by China and ASEAN countries and the relevant dilemmas. Subsequently, to ensure that maximum benefits can be realised from amicus participation in ISDS proceedings in China-ASEAN Free Trade Area (CAFTA), this article proposes procedures for when and how an amicus may participate in arbitral proceedings under the upcoming investment agreements, particularly the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP). Additionally, given the fact that the level of amicus participation in ISDS proceedings is still limited, the article suggests that China and ASEAN need to establish safeguards to provide amici with access to key arbitral documents and oral hearings. However, achieving the above objectives should not come at the expense of undermining the confidential and protected information of both disputing parties.

scholarly journals ASEAN's Preferential Trade Agreements (PTA) Strategy

2011 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 31-64
Author(s):  
Guanyi Leu
Keyword(s):  
Free Trade ◽  
Free Trade Area ◽  
Trade Agreement ◽  
Export Markets ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
Trade Area ◽  
Trading Partners ◽  
Economic Partnership ◽  
Asean Countries ◽  
Partnership Agreement

This paper provides a diversification explanation in order understand the development of PTAs in Southeast Asia. I argue that an important reason why ASEAN states participate in PTAs has been to diversify existing trade ties and to reduce overdependence on a narrow range of export markets. Southeast Asian countries have formed PTAs with markets with which they had weak or unexplored economic relations, as demonstrated by three case analyses: the ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA), the ASEAN-China Free Trade Agreement (ACFTA) and the ASEAN-Japan Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (AJCEP). To maximise the economic gains and the diversification effects of PTA participation, ASEAN countries have pursued a strategy of strengthening economic unity while keeping external economic linkages as diversified as possible. Although East Asia, and especially China, was an important alternative market to reduce ASEAN's dependence on trade with America, ASEAN countries have also pursued PTAs with a number of other trading partners. This paper explains how PTAs have helped ASEAN states to develop more policy autonomy in their trading environment.

scholarly journals Membangun Sekolah Dasar Berbasis Mutu di Indonesia untuk Meningkatkan Kualitas Lulusan

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-30
Author(s):  
Slamet Widodo ◽  
Yuni Yulianti
Keyword(s):  
Elementary School ◽  
Elementary Schools ◽  
Human Resources ◽  
Free Trade ◽  
Free Trade Area ◽  
Global Level ◽  
Economic Community ◽  
Trade Area ◽  
Excellent Service ◽  
Asean Economic Community

In welcoming AFTA (ASEAN Free Trade Area) and MEA (ASEAN Economic Community), Indonesian society's view on economy will be shifted to education. Schools will be excellent service product which will compete with each other. Particularly elementary schools will become major concern in creating skillful and competent graduates to face global challenges. Elementary schools will become the basic foundation for creating human resources who have qualified skills earlier based on the development of science and technology. Competent graduates of Elementary schools will be ready to compete at the global level, and vice versa. The way to produce competent graduates is by developing a quality-based elementary schools throughout Indonesia. Quality-based elementary school is an elementary school institution that prioritizes quality in producing competent graduates who are competent. The indicators of this quality-based elementary school consist of several criteria which are: 1) Focus on costumer, 2) total involvement, 3) Administering measurements, 4) Have high commitment, and 5) Performing sustainability improvement. Steps in building quality-based elementary schools are: 1) Organizing, 2) Planning, 3) Implementing, and 4) Monitoring. Hence, in order to embody a quality-based elementary school, it requires a good cooperation from all stakeholders and a strong commitment based on its indicators, steps and components.   Dalam menghadapi AFTA (ASEAN Free Trade Area) dan MEA (Masyarakat Ekonomi ASEAN) pandangan masyarakat Indonesia tentang ekonomi akan bergeser ke pendidikan. Sekolah akan menjadi ajang produk jasa yang bersaing antara sekolah satu dengan sekolah lainya. Khususnya pada sekolah dasar (SD) akan menjadi perhatian utama dalam menciptakan lulusan yang berkompeten (secara lebih dini siap) dalam menghadapi tantangan global. SD akan menjadi pondasi dasar untuk menciptakan sumber daya manusia (SDM) yang memiliki ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi yang mumpuni dan sesuai dengan perkembangan zaman. Sehingga lulusan SD yang berkompeten akan siap bersaing di tingkat global, sebaliknya lulusan SD yang tidak berkompeten tidak siap untuk bersaing di tingkat global.Cara untuk menghasilkan lulusan yang berkompeten yaitu dengan mengembangkan SD berbasis mutu secara merata di seluruh Indonesia. SD berbasis mutu adalah lembaga SD yang mengutamakan mutu dalam menghasilkan lulusan yang berkompeten. Indikator atau kriteria SD bermutu terdiri dari:1)Fokus pada pelanggan,2) Keterlibatan total,3) Melakukan pengukuran,4) Komitmen, dan5) Melakukan perbaikan berkelanjutan. Langkah-langkah dalam membangun SD berbasis mutu, yaitu:1) Mengorganisasikan,2) Merencanakan,3) Mengimplementasikan,4) Memonitorg, dan 5. Perbaikan berkelanjutan. Jadi dapat disimpulkan bahwa mengembangkan SD bermutu memerlukan kerjasama semua pihak dan komitmen yang kuat dalam mewujudkannya sesuai dengan indikator sekolah bermutu, langkah-langkah dalam mewujudkan sekolah bermutu, dan perangkat sekolah bermutu. Kata Kunci: sekolah dasar bermutu, lulusan berkompeten, kompetensi siswa global

scholarly journals STRATEGI PENGEMBANGAN INDUSTRI KREATIF BANDUNG OLEH PEMERINTAH KOTA BANDUNG DALAM MENGANTISIPASI IMPLEMENTASI ASEAN FREE TRADE AREA DAN ASEAN ECONOMIC COMMUNITY

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (01) ◽  
pp. 66-122
Author(s):  
Mariane Delanova
Keyword(s):  
Free Trade ◽  
National Income ◽  
Free Trade Area ◽  
Creative Industries ◽  
Trade Barriers ◽  
Economic Sector ◽  
Economic Community ◽  
New Era ◽  
Trade Area ◽  
Asean Economic Community

ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA) and ASEAN Economic Community (AEC) has been implemented since 2015. It means ASEAN make a step into a new era, called free trade era, which is reducing all trade barriers, include tariff and non tarrif barriers. ASEAN has a vision, by implementing AFTA and EAC, to make Southeast Asia region can improve its economic sector, also improving economic sector of its member states, and so Indonesia. This research focuses on the strategic of Pemerintah Kota Bandung (The Local Government of Bandung City) to develop and improve the creative industres of Bandung City, especially in the era of AFTA and AEC. Also this research will explore the obstacles of creative industries of Bandung City in the era of AFTA and AEC. Creative industres of Bandung City have to reach the benefit from the implementing of AFTA and AEC, so creative industries of Bandung City will contribute to Indonesia�s national income, especially increasing Bandung City�s income.

Trade Creation or Trade Diversion in ASEAN and ASEAN+6 FTAs: Trade Indicators Approach

2015 ◽  
pp. 25-41
Author(s):  
Anh Tu Thuy ◽  
Ngoc Le Minh
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Advantage ◽  
Wheat Gluten ◽  
Free Trade Area ◽  
Private Investment ◽  
Trade Diversion ◽  
Trade Creation ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Trade Area ◽  
Economic Partnership ◽  
Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership

This paper makes use of two trade indicators, Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA) and Regional Orientation (RO), to evaluate the economic impacts of the ASEAN Free Trade Area (The) and the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) on Vietnamese commodities at the Harmonized System (HS) 2-digit level. Several sectors in which Vietnam has revealed a comparative advantage, has benefited from the AFTA, and would continue to enjoy trade creation from the RCEP, are: Cereals (10), Salt, sulphur, earth, stone, plaster, lime and cement (25), Rubber (40), Knitted or crocheted fabric (60), etc. More importantly, the result provides a list of commodities in which Vietnam has a comparative advantage and only experiences trade creation when participating in the RCEP. These are: Milling products, malt, starches, inulin, wheat gluten (11), Vegetable plaiting materials, vegetable products not elsewhere specified (14), Wood and articles of wood, wood charcoal (44), etc. Findings also show commodities in which Vietnam has a comparative advantage; but are not well positioned in the RCEP market yet, e.g. Cereal, flour, starch, milk preparations and products (19) and Manmade staple fibres (55). If sufficient investment decisions and marketing strategies are applied to these commodities, they will well penetrate the RCEP market and bring trade creation and welfare improvement to Vietnam. Public and private investment should consider the above-mentioned commodities as targets to leapfrog the benefits of RCEP.

Academic Research and Canadian Manufacturing Productivity since the Formation of NAFTA

2007 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 145-158
Author(s):  
James Brox
Keyword(s):  
Free Trade ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Academic Research ◽  
Free Trade Area ◽  
Variable Cost ◽  
Trade Area ◽  
The North ◽  
Canadian Manufacturing ◽  
Manufacturing Productivity ◽  
The Impact

Does academic research have a positive impact on productivity? To examine this question, the paper focuses on national Canadian manufacturing data, using a variable-cost CES-translog cost system. Changes in the elasticities calculated from the estimation results allow the study of the impact of the free-trade agreements on Canadian production and the effects of academic R&D expenditures. The principal finding is that academic research expenditures have had a positive effect on Canadian manufacturing productivity and that this effect of R&D expenditures has become stronger since the formation of the North American Free Trade Area (NAFTA).

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