Recurring Criminal Scripts: The Routinization of Cases Involving the Murder of a Child

2007 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 62-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
Craig J. Forsyth
Keyword(s):  
Death Of A Child ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Capital Murder ◽  
Sociological Literature ◽  
The Common

This paper uses the experiences of a sociologist as an expert mitigation witness in capital murder cases that involved the death of a child. The common themes (scripts) in these cases are explored. The paper then explains why these scripts are important in mitigation work. Finally, the paper fits this research into the previous sociological literature on routines, typifications, and their function in organizations/professions handling large numbers of like clients.

A Cooperative Species

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel Bowles ◽  
Herbert Gintis
Keyword(s):  
Common Good ◽  
Cooperative Groups ◽  
Social Emotions ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Group Competition ◽  
Self Interest ◽  
Shame And Guilt ◽  
Group Members ◽  
The Common ◽  
Ethnographic Data

Why do humans, uniquely among animals, cooperate in large numbers to advance projects for the common good? Contrary to the conventional wisdom in biology and economics, this generous and civic-minded behavior is widespread and cannot be explained simply by far-sighted self-interest or a desire to help close genealogical kin. This book shows that the central issue is not why selfish people act generously, but instead how genetic and cultural evolution has produced a species in which substantial numbers make sacrifices to uphold ethical norms and to help even total strangers. The book describes how, for thousands of generations, cooperation with fellow group members has been essential to survival. Groups that created institutions to protect the civic-minded from exploitation by the selfish flourished and prevailed in conflicts with less cooperative groups. Key to this process was the evolution of social emotions such as shame and guilt, and our capacity to internalize social norms so that acting ethically became a personal goal rather than simply a prudent way to avoid punishment. Using experimental, archaeological, genetic, and ethnographic data to calibrate models of the coevolution of genes and culture as well as prehistoric warfare and other forms of group competition, the book provides a compelling and novel account of human cooperation.

Negotiations over Accounting Issues: The Congruency of Audit Partner and Chief Financial Officer Recalls

2005 ◽  
Vol 24 (s-1) ◽  
pp. 171-193 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Gibbins ◽  
Susan A. McCracken ◽  
Steven E. Salterio
Keyword(s):  
Negotiation Process ◽  
Chief Financial Officers ◽  
Chief Financial Officer ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
Common Elements ◽  
Contextual Features ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
The Common ◽  
High Level ◽  
Two Sides

Much of what takes place in auditor-client management negotiations occurs in unobservable settings and normally does not result in publicly available archival records. Recent research has increasingly attempted to probe issues relating to accounting negotiations in part due to recent events in the financial world. In this paper, we compare recalls from the two sides of such negotiations, audit partners, and chief financial officers (CFOs), collected in two field questionnaires. We examine the congruency of the auditors' and the CFOs' negotiation recalls for all negotiation elements and features that were common across the two questionnaires (detailed analyses of the questionnaires are reported elsewhere). The results show largely congruent recall: only limited divergences in recall of common elements and features. Specifically, we show a high level of congruency across CFOs and audit partners in the type of issues negotiated, parties involved in resolving the issue, and the elements making up the negotiation process, including agreement on the relative importance of various common accounting contextual features. The analysis of the common accounting contextual features suggests that certain contextual features are consistently important across large numbers of negotiations, whether viewed from the audit partner's or the CFO's perspective, and hence may warrant future study. Finally, the comparative analysis allows us to identify certain common elements and contextual features that may influence both audit partners and CFOs to consider the accounting negotiation setting as mainly distributive (win-lose).

scholarly journals Streptococcus pyogenes vulvovaginitis in children in Nottingham

1991 ◽  
Vol 106 (3) ◽  
pp. 459-465 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. E. Donald ◽  
R. C. B. Slack ◽  
G. Colman
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Streptococcus Pyogenes ◽  
Public Health Laboratory ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Highly Sensitive ◽  
Vaginal Swabs ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Winter Peak ◽  
The Common

SUMMARYIsolates of Streptococcus pyogenes from vaginal swabs of children with vulvovaginitis received at Nottingham Public Health Laboratory during 1986–9 were studied. A total of 159 isolates was made during the 4 years, increasing from 17 in 1986 to 64 in 1989 and accounting for 11% of all vaginal swabs received from children. The numbers of throat swabs yielding S. pyogenes also showed an increase from 974 in 1986 to 1519 in 1989. A winter peak of isolates was noted for both vaginal swabs and throat swabs. A total of 98 strains from vaginal swabs were serotyped: 22 different types were identified, 61% of which were the common types M4, M6, R28 and M12. Erythromycin sensitivity was done on 89 strains; 84% were highly sensitive (MIC < 0·03 mg/1). There are no other reports of such large numbers in the literature; the reason for seeing this increase in Nottingham is unclear.

scholarly journals Contributions to the biology of the mackerel, Scomber scombrus L. III. Age and growth

1952 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 549-569 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. A. Steven
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Maturity ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Age And Growth ◽  
Small Fish ◽  
Massachusetts Bay ◽  
Scomber Scombrus ◽  
Bay Area ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
The Common ◽  
Young Of The Year

The first serious attempt to determine the age and growth rate of the common mackerel (Scomber scombrus L.) appears to have been made by Captain Atwood in 1856 (quoted by Brown Goode, 1884, p. 116) in the Massachusetts Bay area of northern North America. Small fish caught by Atwood in October of that year measuring 6½–7 in. in length (16.5–17.5 cm.) he believed to be the young of the year (i.e. they belonged to the O-group). Mackerel belonging to this group he calls ‘spikes’. ‘Blinks', ‘tinkers’ and ‘second size’ fish he assigns to the I-, II- and III-year age groups respectively, but unfortunately gives no data as to the sizes of those categories, merely stating that everyone well acquainted with mackerel makes the same groupings ‘as there seems to be a line of demarkation between the different kinds which stands out prominently’. Sixteen years later, on 27 July 1872, Malm (1877, p. 409) observed large numbers of small mackerel close inshore in the Gullmarfjord near Christineberg. Several tons of those mackerel were enclosed in a seine, but only ten specimens were retained as all the others escaped through the meshes. These ten fish ranged in length from 67 to 100 mm. and Malm surmised their age to be 13 months. Collett (1880, p. 18) stated that on the coast of Norway I-year-old mackerel are ‘fingerlang’. To fish of 20 cm., taken at the end of August, he ascribed (without supporting data) an age of 2 years, with sexual maturity supervening at 3 years at an unspecified length.

scholarly journals NOTES ON PREDACEOUS HETEROPTERA, WITH PROF. UHLER'S DESCRIPTION OF TWO SPECIES

1897 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 115-118
Author(s):  
A. H. Kirkland
Keyword(s):  
Gypsy Moth ◽  
Food Supply ◽  
The Other ◽  
Field Observations ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Porthetria Dispar ◽  
The Common ◽  
Tent Caterpillars ◽  
Tent Caterpillar

During the month of May, 1896, while making field observations in Malden and Medford, Mass., upon the insects known to attack the gypsy moth (Porthetria dispar), I found that many of the common predaceous bugs upon emerging from hibernation greedily availed themselves of the food supply offered by the tent caterpillar and destroyed large numbers of this insect. Podisus placidus, P. serieventris, P. modestus, Dendrocoris humeralis, Euschistus fissilis, E. tristigmus, E. ictericus, E. politus n. sp., Menecles insertus and Diplodus lividus were often found feeding upon partially grown tent caterpillars. Podisus placidus and P. serieventris enter the tents and prey upon the inmates, but the other species generally attacked the larvæ while they were feeding. The species of Euschistus are the least predaceous and it is probable that they naturally feed more upon plants than upon insects.

scholarly journals THE RELATION OF MOSQUITOES AND FLIES TO THE EPIDEMIOLOGY OF ACUTE POLIOMYELITIS

1917 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hideyo Noguchi ◽  
Rokusaburo Kudo
Keyword(s):  
Larval Stage ◽  
Culex Pipiens ◽  
Horse Serum ◽  
Intracerebral Injection ◽  
Monkey Brain ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Normal Monkey ◽  
The Common ◽  
Intrathecal Space ◽  
Acute Poliomyelitis

1. Culex pipiens raised from the larval stage in water experimentally contaminated with an abundance of poliomyelitic virus were found to be incapable of causing the infection when allowed in large numbers to bite normal Macacus monkeys. 2. Culex pipiens which were fed on infected poloimyelitic monkeys during different stages of the disease were found to be incapable of transmitting the infection when allowed in large numbers to bite normal Macacus monkeys. A previous disturbance of the meninges by an injection of horse serum into the intrathecal space did not alter the result, which was negative. 3. The offspring of the mosquitoes which were either reared in the infected tanks or fed on infected monkeys were found to be entirely harmless when allowed to feed in large numbers on a normal monkey. There was no hereditary transmission of the virus from one generation to another. 4. No trace of the virus of poliomyelitis was demonstrable in the filtrate of an emulsion of adult flies and pupae of the common housefly and bluebottle fly which were reared in the laboratory on slices, emulsion, or filtrate of monkey brain containing the poliomyelitic virus. The intracerebral injection of the filtrate produced no poliomyelitic infection in the normal monkey.

The genesis of international mass migration

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric Richards
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
British Isles ◽  
Scottish Highlands ◽  
Isle Of Man ◽  
Mass Migration ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
The Common ◽  
Over Time

Very large numbers of people began to depart the British Isles for the New Worlds after about 1770. This was a pioneering movement, a rehearsal for modern international migration. This book contends that emigration history is not seamless, that it contains large shifts over time and place, and that the modern scale and velocity of mobility have very particular historical roots. The Isle of Man is an ideal starting point in the quest for the engines and mechanisms of emigration, and a particular version of the widespread surge in British emigration in the 1820s. West Sussex was much closer to the centres of the expansionary economy in the new age. North America was the earliest and the greatest theatre of oceanic emigration in which the methods of mass migration were pioneered. Landlocked Shropshire experienced some of the earliest phases of British industrialisation, notably in the Ironbridge/Coalbrookdale district, deep inland on the River Severn. The turmoil in the agrarian and demographic foundations of life reached across the British archipelago. In West Cork and North Tipperary, there was clear evidence of the great structural changes that shook the foundations of these rural societies. The book also discusses the sequences and effects of migration in Wales, Swaledale, Cornwall, Kent, London, and Scottish Highlands. It also deals with Ireland’s place in the more generic context of the origins of migration from the British Isles. The common historical understanding is that the pre-industrial population of the British Isles had been held back by Malthusian checks.

scholarly journals ENHANCED PASSIVE IMMUNITY TO STREPTOCOCCUS INFECTION IN RABBITS

1930 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 95-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. P. Gay ◽  
A. R. Clark
Keyword(s):  
Mononuclear Cells ◽  
Normal Animal ◽  
Passive Immunity ◽  
Slight Effect ◽  
Degree Of Protection ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
The Common ◽  
Cell Mobilization ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Pleural Exudate

The experimental work herein reported tends to justify our hypothesis recently expressed, that the common failure of antibacterial serums to combat active infections when passively transferred to a normal animal, is due not so much to a lack of suitable or sufficient antibodies as to absence of cell preparation or mobilization in the recipient. In the case of experimental streptococcus empyema in the rabbit the course of the ordinarily fatal infection is in no wise affected by the transfer of the pleural fluid containing large numbers of mononuclear cells derived from an animal that is itself protected as a result of a non-specific irritation. The serum of a rabbit highly immunized against the streptococcus and containing antibodies for it, produces relatively slight effect in prevention or cure. In contrast to this the pleural exudate, either acute (polymorphonuclear) or subacute (mononuclear), produced in an actively immunized animal does protect passively to a considerable degree. In a similar fashion normal exudate cells of either type in combination with the relatively ineffective antiserum give a high degree of protection. It remains for further analysis to determine whether this form of passive immunity by antiserum enhanced by the addition of cells depends on the vital properties of the cells transferred or on their stimulation to cell mobilization in the recipient. And furthermore the extent to which this enhanced passive immunity may be effective in cure, and whether the cure is applicable to local or to both local and generalized infection remains to be seen.

Adaptative Radiation of the Retina in Galaxiidae (Salmoniformes)

1990 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 173 ◽  
Author(s):  
MA Ali ◽  
S Sakurai ◽  
SP Collin
Keyword(s):  
Light Microscopy ◽  
The Other ◽  
Ecological Constraints ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
The Common ◽  
Retinal Structure

The retinas of seven galaxiid species collected from different habitats in Tasmania were investigated by light microscopy. There are remarkable differences between Galaxias and Paragalaxias species. The retinas of Galaxias species are characterised by a less dense retinal epithelial pigment (REP), large numbers of short and long rods, the presence of a tapetum, and stable (non-responsive) single cones in dark-adapted specimens. On the other hand, the common retinal features in Paragalaxias species include few large rods and many cones, the presence of a tapetum, lower summation and a pattern of retinomotor responses not unlike that of most other teleosts. There is no striking retinal feature that could be related to differences in their clear or turbid habitats. In spite of its probably being nocturnal, the retinal structure of P. dissimilis is basically similar to that of other diurnal Paragalaxias species. Some of the ecological constraints placed upon these species are also discussed.

scholarly journals A single loss of photosynthesis in diatoms

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anastasiia Onyshchenko ◽  
Elizabeth C. Ruck ◽  
Teofil Nakov ◽  
Andrew J. Alverson
Keyword(s):  
Plastid Genome ◽  
Phylogenetic Diversity ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Rare Event ◽  
Small Subset ◽  
Plastid Genomes ◽  
Photosynthetic Eukaryotes ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Group A ◽  
The Common

AbstractLoss of photosynthesis is a common and often repeated trajectory in nearly all major groups of photosynthetic eukaryotes. One small subset of ‘apochloritic’ diatoms in the genus Nitzschia have lost their ability to photosynthesize and require extracellular carbon for growth. Similar to other secondarily nonphotosynthetic taxa, apochloritic diatoms maintain colorless plastids with highly reduced plastid genomes. Although the narrow taxonomic breadth of apochloritic diatoms suggests a single loss of photosynthesis in the common ancestor of these species, previous phylogenetic analyses suggested that photosynthesis was lost multiple times. We sequenced additional phylogenetic markers from the nuclear and mitochondrial genomes for a larger set of taxa and found that the best trees for datasets representing all three genetic compartments provided low to moderate support for monophyly of apochloritic Nitzschia, consistent with a single loss of photosynthesis in diatoms. We sequenced the plastid genome of one apochloritic species and found that it was highly similar in all respects to the plastid genome of another apochloritic Nitzschia species, indicating that streamlining of the plastid genome had completed prior to the split of these two species. Finally, it is increasingly clear that some locales host relatively large numbers apochloritic Nitzschia species that span the phylogenetic diversity of the group, indicating that these species co-exist because of resource abundance or resource partitioning in ecologically favorable habitats. A better understanding of the phylogeny and ecology of this group, together with emerging genomic resources, will help identify the factors that have driven and maintained the loss of photosynthesis in this group, a rare event in diatoms.

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