Sex-Specific Associations between Cartilage Structure and Metabolism at Rest and Acutely Following Walking and Drop-Landing

Cartilage ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 194760352095938
Author(s):  
Matthew S. Harkey ◽  
J. Troy Blackburn ◽  
Anthony C. Hackney ◽  
Michael D. Lewek ◽  
Randy J. Schmitz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sectional Area ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Blood Draw ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Change Scores ◽  
Percent Change ◽  
Femoral Cartilage ◽  
Drop Landing ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Structure And Metabolism

Objective Cartilage health is thought to be dependent on the relationship between mechanics, structure, and metabolism, rather than these individual components in isolation. Due to sex differences in cartilage health, there is need to determine if the relationships between these cartilage components separately for males and females. Therefore, we sought to determine the sex-specific associations between cartilage structure and metabolism at rest and their acute response following walking and drop-landing in healthy individuals. Design A cartilage ultrasound assessment and an ante-cubital blood draw were performed before and after walking and drop-landing conditions in 20 males and 20 females. Cartilage structure was assessed via medial and lateral femoral cartilage cross-sectional area. Cartilage metabolism was quantified with serum cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP) concentration. Percent change scores from pre- to postloading were used to calculate acute alterations in cross-sectional area and COMP. Correlational analyses were used to assess the association between cartilage structure and metabolism measures separately for males and females. Results In females, greater resting COMP concentration was associated with less cartilage cross-sectional area in the medial(ρ = −0.50, P = 0.03) and lateral (ρ = −0.69, P = 0.001) femur. Resting cartilage measures were not associated among males. Following walking and drop-landing, percent change scores in cartilage structure and metabolism were not associated. Conclusions This study highlights that, in females, thinner anterior femoral cartilage is associated with greater resting serum COMP concentrations, a biomarker often linked to cartilage breakdown. Future studies into the relationships between various cartilage components should consider sex-specific analyses as these relationships are sex dependent.

Evaluation of Nasal Passage Patency after Antigen and Histamine Challenge in Guinea Pigs by Acoustic Rhinometry

1997 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-90 ◽  
Author(s):  
Setsuo Nakamoto ◽  
Yasuo Sakakura ◽  
Ole F. Pedersen ◽  
Kotaro Ukai
Keyword(s):  
Nasal Cavity ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Airway Resistance ◽  
Cross Sectional Area ◽  
Nasal Passage ◽  
Nasal Airway ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Percent Change ◽  
Nasal Airway Resistance

We investigated the effects of antigen and histamine on the nasal passage patency in guinea pigs with or without nasal allergy. The change of nasal patency was measured by acoustic rhinometry and nasal airway resistance. Acoustic reflections have been used in adult humans to determine nasal cavity dimensions in terms of cross-sectional areas as a function of the distance from the nostril. In order to measure nasal cavity dimensions in guinea pigs, we modified equipment for use in humans by decreasing sound tube dimensions, increasing sampling frequency, and applying a special nosepiece. The percent change of volume, minimum cross-sectional area, and nasal airway resistance showed the largest changes at 10 minutes after antigen challenge in sensitized guinea pigs. There was a significant correlation between the individual percent change of nasal airway resistance and volume or minimum cross-sectional area. Histamine, 102 to 105 μg/mL, caused a dose-dependent reduction in percent change of volume in the challenged side of nonsensitized guinea pigs, but not in the opposite side. These results indicate that the noninvasive acoustic reflections technique is useful in small experimental animals, especially to assess the effect of nasal cavity dimensions after the challenge of antigen or nonspecific stimuli.

Pharyngeal Cross-Sectional Area and Pharyngeal Compliance in Normal Males and Females

Respiration ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 65 (6) ◽  
pp. 458-468 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Huang ◽  
H. Shen ◽  
M. Takahashi ◽  
T. Fukunaga ◽  
H. Toga ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sectional Area ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Normal Males

scholarly journals Ultrasonographic Assessment of Femoral Cartilage in Individuals With Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: A Case-Control Study

2018 ◽  
Vol 53 (11) ◽  
pp. 1082-1088 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew S. Harkey ◽  
J. Troy Blackburn ◽  
Daniel Nissman ◽  
Hope Davis ◽  
Isaac Durrington ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ligament Reconstruction ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Cruciate Ligament ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Cross Sectional Area ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Femoral Cartilage ◽  
Anterior Cruciate ◽  
Control Study

Context Developing osteoarthritis is common after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR). Monitoring changes in femoral cartilage size after ACLR may be a way to detect the earliest structural alterations before the radiographic onset of osteoarthritis. Diagnostic ultrasonography (US) offers a clinically accessible and valid method for evaluating anterior femoral cartilage size. Objective To compare the US measurements of anterior femoral cross-sectional area and cartilage thickness between limbs in individuals with a unilateral ACLR and between the ACLR limbs of these individuals and the limbs of uninjured control participants. Design Case-control study. Setting Research laboratory. Patients or Other Participants A total of 20 volunteers with an ACLR (37.0 ± 26.6 months after surgery) and 28 uninjured volunteers. Main Outcome Measure(s) We used US to assess anterior femoral cartilage cross-sectional area and thickness (ie, medial, lateral, and intercondylar) in the ACLR and contralateral limbs of participants with ACLR and unilaterally in the reference limbs of uninjured participants. Results The ACLR limb presented with greater anterior femoral cartilage cross-sectional area (96.68 ± 22.68 mm2) than both the contralateral (85.69 ± 17.57 mm2, t19 = 4.47; P < .001) and uninjured (84.62 ± 15.89 mm2, t46 = 2.17; P = .04) limbs. The ACLR limb presented with greater medial condyle thickness (2.61 ± 0.61 mm) than both the contralateral (2.36 ± 0.47 mm, t19 = 2.78; P = .01) and uninjured limbs (2.22 ± 0.40 mm, t46 = 2.69; P = .01) and greater lateral condyle thickness (2.46 ± 0.65 mm) than the uninjured limb (2.12 ± 0.41 mm, t46 = 2.20; P = .03). Conclusions Anterior femoral cartilage cross-sectional area and thickness assessed via US were greater in the ACLR limb than in the contralateral and uninjured limbs. Greater thickness and cross-sectional area may have been due to cartilage swelling or hypertrophy after ACLR, which may affect the long-term health of the joint.

Pharyngeal cross-sectional area in normal men and women

1986 ◽  
Vol 61 (3) ◽  
pp. 890-895 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. G. Brown ◽  
N. Zamel ◽  
V. Hoffstein
Keyword(s):  
Measurement Techniques ◽  
Upper Airway ◽  
Cross Sectional Area ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Lung Volumes ◽  
Acoustic Reflection ◽  
Obstructive Sleep ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Pharyngeal Area

Pharyngeal size and the dynamic behavior of the upper airway may be important factors in modulating respiratory airflow. Patients with obstructive sleep apnea are known to have reduced pharyngeal cross-sectional area. However, no systematic measurements of pharyngeal area in healthy asymptomatic subjects are available, in part due to the lack of simple, rapid, and noninvasive measurement techniques. We utilized the acoustic reflection technique to measure pharyngeal cross-sectional area in 24 healthy volunteers (14 males, 10 females). Pharyngeal area was measured during a continuous slow expiration from total lung capacity (TLC) to residual volume (RV). We compared pharyngeal cross-sectional areas in males and females at three lung volumes: TLC, 50% of vital capacity (VC), and RV. In males, pharyngeal areas (means +/- SD) were 6.4 +/- 1.3 cm2 at TLC, 5.4 +/- 0.9 cm2 at 50% VC, and 4.1 +/- 0.8 cm2 at RV. In females, pharyngeal areas were 4.8 +/- 0.6 cm2 at TLC, 4.2 +/- 0.5 cm2 at 50% VC, and 3.7 +/- 0.6 cm2 at RV. The difference in area between males and females was statistically significant at TLC and 50% VC but not at RV. However, when the pharyngeal cross-sectional area was normalized for body surface area, this difference was not significant. In males there was a negative correlation of pharyngeal area with age. We conclude that sex differences in pharyngeal area are related to body size, pharyngeal area shows a similar variation with lung volumes in males and females, and in males pharyngeal area reduces with age.

scholarly journals Reliability of a Novel Semiautomated Ultrasound Segmentation Technique for Assessing Average Regional Femoral Articular Cartilage Thickness

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (7) ◽  
pp. 1042-1046
Author(s):  
Caroline Lisee ◽  
Melanie L. McGrath ◽  
Christopher Kuenze ◽  
Ming Zhang ◽  
Matt Salzler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Articular Cartilage ◽  
Interrater Reliability ◽  
Cartilage Thickness ◽  
Cross Sectional Area ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Echo Intensity ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Femoral Cartilage ◽  
Segmentation Technique ◽  
The Cross

Context: Ultrasound imaging is a clinically feasible tool to assess femoral articular cartilage and may have utility in tracking early knee osteoarthritis development. Traditional assessment techniques focus on measurements at a single location, which can be challenging to adopt for novice raters. Objective: To introduce a novel semiautomated ultrasound segmentation technique and determine the intrarater and interrater reliability of average regional femoral articular cartilage thickness and echo intensity of a novice and expert rater. Design: Descriptive observational study. Setting: Orthopedic clinic. Patients or Other Participants: Fifteen participants (mean [SD]; age 23.5 [4.6] y, height = 172.6 [9.3] cm, mass = 79.8 [15.7] kg) with a unilateral history of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction participated. Intervention: None. Main Outcome Measures: One rater captured anterior femoral cartilage images of the participants’ contralateral knees using a transverse suprapatellar ultrasound assessment. The total femoral cartilage cross-sectional area of each image was segmented by a novice and expert rater. A novel custom program automatically separated the cartilage segmentations into medial, lateral, and intercondylar regions to determine the cross-sectional area and cartilage length. The average cartilage thickness in each region was calculated by dividing the cross-sectional area by the cartilage length. Echo intensity was calculated as the average gray-scale pixel value of each region. Two-way random effect intraclass correlations coefficient (ICC) for absolute agreement were used to determine the interrater reliability between a novice and expert rater, as well as the intrarater reliability of the novice rater. Results: The novice rater demonstrated excellent intrarater (ICC [2,k] range = .993–.997) and interrater (ICC [2,k] range = .944–.991) reliability with the expert rater of all femoral articular cartilage average thickness and echo intensity regions. Conclusions: The novel semiautomated average cartilage thickness and echo-intensity assessment is efficient, systematic, and reliable between an expert and novice rater with minimal training.

scholarly journals SONOGRAPHIC EVALUATION O F SCIATIC NERVE ANATOMY AND SUBCUTANEOUS DEPTH AT ITS TERMINATION IN POSTERIOR THIGH: IMPORTANCE IN POPLITEAL BLOCKS

2019 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sanjula Singh ◽  
Garima Sehgal ◽  
Jyoti Chopra ◽  
Anita Rani ◽  
Archana Rani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sciatic Nerve ◽  
Nerve Block ◽  
Biceps Femoris ◽  
Popliteal Fossa ◽  
Cross Sectional Area ◽  
P Value ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Popliteal Block

Introduction: Sciatic nerve (SN) is about 2cm wide, forms in the pelvis from ventral rami of L4-S3 spinal nerves and leaves the pelvis by passing out via greater sciatic foramen inferior to piriformis. It travels in the posterior compartment of thigh where it is crossed by long head of biceps femoris, and terminates by dividing into tibial and common peroneal nerves proximal to knee near the apex of popliteal fossa. Cross sectional area (CSA) of SN at mid-thigh and the level of termination may vary. This is important in respect to clinical as well as treatment purpose for the performance of popliteal block. Popliteal nerve block is the block of SN in the popliteal fossa, it is ideal for surgeries of lower leg, particularly below the knee, foot and ankle. It anesthetizes the same dermatomes as both the anterior and lateral approaches to the SN. Variability in level of termination and subcutaneous depth may account for the frequent failures associated with popliteal block. Ultrasound guided sciatic nerve blockade when performed in a systematic manner, is associated with a high success rate. Aims & Objectives: Present study was done to evaluate sciatic nerve morphometry and its depth from skin with the help of high resolution ultrasonography (HRUS) and highlight importance of relevant anatomy in relation to popliteal nerve block. Material & Methods: Study was conducted in the Department of Anatomy, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India in 50 volunteer students of 1st year MBBS 2018 batch (25 males & 25 females). Sonography was done with the help of Esaote Europe My Lab 40 ultrasound machine (installed in the Department of Anatomy, KGMU) to observe Cross sectional area, perimeter, level of termination of nerve and its depth from skin at a particular site. Results: CSA ranged from 0.22-0.35±0.028cm2 and perimeter ranged from 15.23 – 30.33±2.92 mm The mean CSA of SN was equal on both sides ie. 0.27± 0.028 cm2 on right and 0.27±-0.025 cm2 on left. The perimeter of SN on right side was 21.27±2.92 mm and left side 20.29±2.05 mm. The depth of SN from skin on right side was 19.16±1.70 mm while on left side 19.16±1.70mm. The level of termination was 77.65±4.31 mm on right side while 77.26±4.43 mm on left side proximal to popliteal crease. Rt. SN mean CSA was almost equal among males and females whereas Lt. SN mean CSA was found to be significantly (p-value-0.048) greater in males as compared to females. The perimeter of nerve had significantly (0.043) larger values on both right and left side in females as compared to males. The depth of SN from skin was slightly more in males as compared to females while level of termination was bilaterally almost similar in both males and females. Conclusion: Normal values of various parameters of sciatic nerve evaluated in our study will be helpful in guiding and facilitating popliteal block in various surgeries

Pelvic Canal Narrowing Caused by Triple Pelvic Osteotomy in the Dog

1994 ◽  
Vol 07 (03) ◽  
pp. 110-113 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. L. Holmberg ◽  
M. B. Hurtig ◽  
H. R. Sukhiani
Keyword(s):  
Postoperative Complications ◽  
Pelvic Osteotomy ◽  
Cross Sectional Area ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Canal Width ◽  
Operative Complications ◽  
Post Operative Complications

SummaryDuring a triple pelvic osteotomy, rotation of the free acetabular segment causes the pubic remnant on the acetabulum to rotate into the pelvic canal. The resulting narrowing may cause complications by impingement on the organs within the pelvic canal. Triple pelvic osteotomies were performed on ten cadaver pelves with pubic remnants equal to 0, 25, and 50% of the hemi-pubic length and angles of acetabular rotation of 20, 30, and 40 degrees. All combinations of pubic remnant lengths and angles of acetabular rotation caused a significant reduction in pelvic canal-width and cross-sectional area, when compared to the inact pelvis. Zero, 25, and 50% pubic remnants result in 15, 35, and 50% reductions in pelvic canal width respectively. Overrotation of the acetabulum should be avoided and the pubic remnant on the acetabular segment should be minimized to reduce postoperative complications due to pelvic canal narrowing.When performing triple pelvic osteotomies, the length of the pubic remnant on the acetabular segment and the angle of acetabular rotation both significantly narrow the pelvic canal. To reduce post-operative complications, due to narrowing of the pelvic canal, overrotation of the acetabulum should be avoided and the length of the pubic remnant should be minimized.

DETERMINATION OF THE FUNCTION OF THE ROD’S CROSS-SECTIONAL AREA USING VIBRATION EIGENFREQUENCIES

2020 ◽  
Vol 0 (4) ◽  
pp. 19-24
Author(s):  
I.M. UTYASHEV ◽  
◽  
A.A. AITBAEVA ◽  
A.A. YULMUKHAMETOV ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sectional Area ◽  
Variable Cross ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Longitudinal Vibrations ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Method Error ◽  
Various Boundary Conditions ◽  
Elastic Fixation ◽  
Crosssectional Area

The paper presents solutions to the direct and inverse problems on longitudinal vibrations of a rod with a variable cross-sectional area. The law of variation of the cross-sectional area is modeled as an exponential function of a polynomial of degree n . The method for reconstructing this function is based on representing the fundamental system of solutions of the direct problem in the form of a Maclaurin series in the variables x and λ. Examples of solutions for various section functions and various boundary conditions are given. It is shown that to recover n unknown coefficients of a polynomial, n eigenvalues are required, and the solution is dual. An unambiguous solution was obtained only for the case of elastic fixation at one of the rod’s ends. The numerical estimation of the method error was made using input data noise. It is shown that the error in finding the variable crosssectional area is less than 1% with the error in the eigenvalues of longitudinal vibrations not exceeding 0.0001.

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